噪音及超声波

W. W. Clark, J. R. Cox
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引用次数: 1

摘要

噪音是美国最普遍的公害。但是过度的噪音不仅仅是令人讨厌。无论白天还是晚上,在家里、在工作或玩耍时,过度的噪音暴露会让人感到烦恼,产生压力,损害我们的沟通能力,干扰我们的工作和娱乐活动,而且,如果剂量足够大,会对听觉系统造成永久性损伤,导致严重的听力丧失。虽然噪音引起的烦恼在某种程度上影响着我们所有人,但本章描述了过度噪音对我们听力的影响,以及超声波刺激对组织的影响。本章分为四个部分。首先,考虑到声音的物理特性和噪声暴露的测量。第二部分考虑了在人类听力范围内(大约20赫兹到20千赫)过量噪声暴露的影响。在第三节中,对次声暴露(<20 Hz)的影响进行了回顾。最后,最后一节回顾了暴露于超声波(20 kHz至20 μHz)对人体的影响。工程师和科学家关注的是声音作为一种可以测量和量化的能量;通常不考虑声音是否能被人类感知。然而,听力健康专家通常关心的是声音对人类的影响:我们听到什么以及如何听到,什么声音让我们高兴,什么声音让我们烦恼,什么声音会干扰我们彼此沟通的能力,损害我们的生产力和工作安全,以及什么声音会损害我们的听力。这些效应需要不同的测量方法,而不是对声能的“简单”定量描述,并且通常用感知术语来表达,如“响度”或“音调”。关键词:声空化;放大音乐;生物效应;频率;枪声;听力损失;听力敏感度;管理;测量;噪音;噪声暴露;非职业性暴露;非热效应;预防;言语交际;声速;声音;热效果;波长
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Noise and Ultrasound
Noise is America's most widespread nuisance. But excessive noise is more than just a nuisance. Day and night, at home or at work or play, excessive noise exposures annoy individuals, produce stress, impair our ability to communicate, interfere with work and play activities, and, in high enough doses, produce permanent damage to the auditory system that can lead to significant hearing loss. Although annoyance caused by noise affects all of us to some degree, this chapter describes the effects of excessive noise on our ability to hear, and on the effects of ultrasonic stimulation on tissue. The chapter is organized in four sections. In the first, consideration is given to the physical characteristics of sound and the measurement of noise exposure. The second section considers the effects of excessive noise exposure within the range of human hearing, approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. In the third section, a review of the effects of infrasonic exposure (<20 Hz) is provided. And, finally, the last section reviews the effects of exposure to ultrasound (20 kHz to 20 μHz) on humans. Engineers and scientists are concerned with sound as an energy that can be measured and quantified; no consideration is usually given to whether the sound can be perceived by humans or not. However, hearing health professionals are usually concerned about the effects of sound on humans: what and how we hear, what sounds please us, what sounds annoy us, what sounds interfere with our ability to communicate with each other and impair our productivity and work safety, and what sounds can be damaging to our hearing. These effects require different measures than “simple” quantitative descriptions of acoustic energy, and often are expressed in perceptual terms, like “loudness” or “pitch.” Keywords: acoustic cavitation; amplified music; biological effects; frequency; gunfire; hearing loss; hearing sensitivity; management; measurement; noise; noise exposure; nonoccupational exposure nonthermal effects; prevention; speech communication; speed of sound; sound; thermal effects; wavelength
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