Fractal Parallel Computing

As machine learning (ML) becomes the prominent technology for many emerging problems, dedicated ML computers are being developed at a variety of scales, from clouds to edge devices. However, the heterogeneous, parallel, and multilayer characteristics of conventional ML computers concentrate the cost of development on the software stack, namely, ML frameworks, compute libraries, and compilers, which limits the productivity of new ML computers. Fractal von Neumann architecture (FvNA) is proposed to address the programming productivity issue for ML computers. FvNA is scale-invariant to program, thus making the development of a family of scaled ML computers as easy as a single node. In this study, we generalize FvNA to the field of general-purpose parallel computing. We model FvNA as an abstract parallel computer, referred to as the fractal parallel machine (FPM), to demonstrate several representative general-purpose tasks that are efficiently programmable. FPM limits the entropy of programming by applying constraints on the control pattern of the parallel computing systems. However, FPM is still general-purpose and cost-optimal. We settle some preliminary results showing that FPM is as powerful as many fundamental parallel computing models such as BSP and alternating Turing machine. Therefore, FvNA is also generally applicable to various fields other than ML.