{"title":"亚洲经济体对2019冠状病毒病大流行的政策应对:中国、韩国、日本","authors":"A. Mahdich","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The countries of Northeast Asia were the first countries in the world, which faced the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenter of which was the city of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei. As of the end of March, the spread of the pandemic has been brought under control. Compared to other sub-regions in Asia and the Pacific, Northeast Asia was relatively well prepared for COVID-19 in terms of health systems, access to basic services and connectivity. The national response to COVID-19 was quick and varied. The governments have adopted numerous policies to contain the spread of the virus, as well as to address growing socio-economic challenges and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of China, the Republic of Korea and Japan have leveraged an existing memorandum of cooperation and a joint action plan to implement joint responses to pandemic influenza and new and re-emerging infectious diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary containment measures have resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity, widespread loss of jobs and livelihoods and disruptions in the provision of basic services. In 2020, the countries in the region experienced a marked economic decline. After a significant drop in domestic demand and trade disruptions in the first half of 2020, the second half of 2020 was characterized by a gradual recovery in exports, there are currently signs of a recovery. The aim of current research was to investigate the practices of the three Asian countries – China, the Republic of Korea and Japan – in supporting businesses and citizens who found themselves in a difficult life situation due to the coronavirus, in order to identify optimal examples of economic policy during pandemic. The most effective measures to support the economy of China during the COVID-19 pandemic were food supply; control over the increase in the production; online services launched by the government. The most effective measures to support the economy of the Republic of Korea were: the Bank of Korea has cut its key rate to a record low benchmark; the Bank of Korea has provided the loans to the country’s commercial banks; the country’s government has allocated considerable funds to support South Korean SMEs; Korea Trade and Investment Promotion Agency has actively developed a global online trading platform; consumption taxes in case of car purchases have been reduced significantly to support the market; the enterprises with an annual turnover of less than Korean WON 60 million won have been provided with VAT exemptions. The most effective measures which have been taken by the government of Japan to were: there have been allocated USD 4.1 billion to support Japanese SMEs; there has been announced the development of a package of large-scale measures to support the country’s economy; there have been introduced special conditions for lending to SMEs; the activities of the companies involved in the fight against the pandemic have been subsidized; there has been introduced a simplified license renewal procedure for import/export and tariff quota certificates; the Bank of Japan has doubled up to USD 112 billion the exchange-traded fund (ETF) buyback program; a payment has been provided for the citizens who cannot work; a consulting service has been organized to support SMEs; for SMEs which were forced to send part of their employees on vacation or training, the state would cover the costs of forced leave in the amount of 4/5 during 100 days.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5000,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"POLICY RESPONSE OF ASIAN ECONOMIES TO COVID-2019 PANDEMIC: CHINA, THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, JAPAN\",\"authors\":\"A. Mahdich\",\"doi\":\"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The countries of Northeast Asia were the first countries in the world, which faced the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenter of which was the city of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei. As of the end of March, the spread of the pandemic has been brought under control. Compared to other sub-regions in Asia and the Pacific, Northeast Asia was relatively well prepared for COVID-19 in terms of health systems, access to basic services and connectivity. The national response to COVID-19 was quick and varied. The governments have adopted numerous policies to contain the spread of the virus, as well as to address growing socio-economic challenges and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of China, the Republic of Korea and Japan have leveraged an existing memorandum of cooperation and a joint action plan to implement joint responses to pandemic influenza and new and re-emerging infectious diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary containment measures have resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity, widespread loss of jobs and livelihoods and disruptions in the provision of basic services. In 2020, the countries in the region experienced a marked economic decline. After a significant drop in domestic demand and trade disruptions in the first half of 2020, the second half of 2020 was characterized by a gradual recovery in exports, there are currently signs of a recovery. The aim of current research was to investigate the practices of the three Asian countries – China, the Republic of Korea and Japan – in supporting businesses and citizens who found themselves in a difficult life situation due to the coronavirus, in order to identify optimal examples of economic policy during pandemic. The most effective measures to support the economy of China during the COVID-19 pandemic were food supply; control over the increase in the production; online services launched by the government. The most effective measures to support the economy of the Republic of Korea were: the Bank of Korea has cut its key rate to a record low benchmark; the Bank of Korea has provided the loans to the country’s commercial banks; the country’s government has allocated considerable funds to support South Korean SMEs; Korea Trade and Investment Promotion Agency has actively developed a global online trading platform; consumption taxes in case of car purchases have been reduced significantly to support the market; the enterprises with an annual turnover of less than Korean WON 60 million won have been provided with VAT exemptions. The most effective measures which have been taken by the government of Japan to were: there have been allocated USD 4.1 billion to support Japanese SMEs; there has been announced the development of a package of large-scale measures to support the country’s economy; there have been introduced special conditions for lending to SMEs; the activities of the companies involved in the fight against the pandemic have been subsidized; there has been introduced a simplified license renewal procedure for import/export and tariff quota certificates; the Bank of Japan has doubled up to USD 112 billion the exchange-traded fund (ETF) buyback program; a payment has been provided for the citizens who cannot work; a consulting service has been organized to support SMEs; for SMEs which were forced to send part of their employees on vacation or training, the state would cover the costs of forced leave in the amount of 4/5 during 100 days.\",\"PeriodicalId\":43307,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW\",\"volume\":\"41 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.5000,\"publicationDate\":\"2021-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"ECONOMICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"ECONOMICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
以中国湖北省武汉市为中心的新型冠状病毒感染症(COVID-19)疫情,东北亚国家是世界上最早受到威胁的国家。截至3月底,疫情蔓延已得到控制。与亚太其他次区域相比,东北亚在卫生系统、获得基本服务和连通性方面为COVID-19做好了相对充分的准备。国家对COVID-19的反应迅速而多样。各国政府采取了许多政策来遏制病毒的传播,并应对日益严峻的社会经济挑战,减轻COVID-19大流行的影响。为应对2019冠状病毒病大流行,中国、韩国和日本政府利用现有的合作备忘录和联合行动计划,实施联合应对大流行性流感以及新发和再发传染病的措施。然而,2019冠状病毒病大流行和必要的遏制措施导致经济活动急剧下降,就业和生计普遍丧失,基本服务的提供中断。2020年,该地区国家的经济出现了明显下滑。在经历了2020年上半年国内需求大幅下降和贸易中断之后,2020年下半年的特点是出口逐步复苏,目前有复苏的迹象。本次研究的目的是调查中国、韩国和日本这三个亚洲国家在支持因冠状病毒而陷入困境的企业和公民方面的做法,以确定大流行期间经济政策的最佳范例。在新冠肺炎疫情期间,支持中国经济最有效的措施是粮食供应;对产量增长的控制;政府推出网上服务。支持韩国经济的最有效措施是:韩国央行(Bank of Korea)将基准利率降至创纪录低点;韩国银行(Bank of Korea)向国内商业银行提供贷款;韩国政府已拨出大量资金支持韩国中小企业;韩国贸易投资振兴公社积极开发全球网上交易平台;购买汽车的消费税大幅降低,以支持市场;对年营业额在6000万韩元以下的企业免征增值税。日本政府采取的最有效的措施是:拨出41亿美元支持日本中小企业;已经宣布制定一揽子大规模措施来支持国家经济;向中小企业提供贷款的特别条件;参与防治这一流行病的公司的活动得到了补贴;简化进出口和关税配额证书的许可证续期程序;日本央行将交易所交易基金(ETF)回购计划扩大了一倍,达到1120亿美元;对不能工作的公民给予补助;组织了支援中小企业的咨询服务;对于被迫将部分员工送去度假或培训的中小企业,国家将在100天内支付4/5的强制休假费用。
POLICY RESPONSE OF ASIAN ECONOMIES TO COVID-2019 PANDEMIC: CHINA, THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, JAPAN
The countries of Northeast Asia were the first countries in the world, which faced the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenter of which was the city of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei. As of the end of March, the spread of the pandemic has been brought under control. Compared to other sub-regions in Asia and the Pacific, Northeast Asia was relatively well prepared for COVID-19 in terms of health systems, access to basic services and connectivity. The national response to COVID-19 was quick and varied. The governments have adopted numerous policies to contain the spread of the virus, as well as to address growing socio-economic challenges and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of China, the Republic of Korea and Japan have leveraged an existing memorandum of cooperation and a joint action plan to implement joint responses to pandemic influenza and new and re-emerging infectious diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary containment measures have resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity, widespread loss of jobs and livelihoods and disruptions in the provision of basic services. In 2020, the countries in the region experienced a marked economic decline. After a significant drop in domestic demand and trade disruptions in the first half of 2020, the second half of 2020 was characterized by a gradual recovery in exports, there are currently signs of a recovery. The aim of current research was to investigate the practices of the three Asian countries – China, the Republic of Korea and Japan – in supporting businesses and citizens who found themselves in a difficult life situation due to the coronavirus, in order to identify optimal examples of economic policy during pandemic. The most effective measures to support the economy of China during the COVID-19 pandemic were food supply; control over the increase in the production; online services launched by the government. The most effective measures to support the economy of the Republic of Korea were: the Bank of Korea has cut its key rate to a record low benchmark; the Bank of Korea has provided the loans to the country’s commercial banks; the country’s government has allocated considerable funds to support South Korean SMEs; Korea Trade and Investment Promotion Agency has actively developed a global online trading platform; consumption taxes in case of car purchases have been reduced significantly to support the market; the enterprises with an annual turnover of less than Korean WON 60 million won have been provided with VAT exemptions. The most effective measures which have been taken by the government of Japan to were: there have been allocated USD 4.1 billion to support Japanese SMEs; there has been announced the development of a package of large-scale measures to support the country’s economy; there have been introduced special conditions for lending to SMEs; the activities of the companies involved in the fight against the pandemic have been subsidized; there has been introduced a simplified license renewal procedure for import/export and tariff quota certificates; the Bank of Japan has doubled up to USD 112 billion the exchange-traded fund (ETF) buyback program; a payment has been provided for the citizens who cannot work; a consulting service has been organized to support SMEs; for SMEs which were forced to send part of their employees on vacation or training, the state would cover the costs of forced leave in the amount of 4/5 during 100 days.