從經濟多樣性探討時間銀行：分析服務交換機制的社會模式

近來時間銀行在許多國家社會成為另類服務機制，自1990年代中期起，臺灣不少公私機構也開始嘗試這個社會創新實驗，希望藉此補充長照資源。時間銀行兼具共同生產、共享社會資本、以及弱勢賦能這些重要功能，本文認為發展操作性強的時間銀行需反思社會和多元經濟形態的關係，並提出透過經濟多樣性的光譜檢視三種時間銀行服務交換模式：（1）R型（Replacing）的照護資源替代服務、（2）E型（Empowering）的行動者與社區賦能、以及（3）G型（Grossing）的營利導向，文中也深入分析R-E-G三種模式所各自呈現出對社會關係與經濟交換之差異與錯位想像。本文之目的在創造讓時間銀行研究對話得以推展的基礎，進而協助非營利倡議組織以及各級政府擬定適當的推動策略。Time banking has been an alternative exchange mechanism in many societies for many decades. In Taiwan, since the mid-1990s, civil societies, community organizations, and governments have begun experimenting with this social innovation to supplement long-term care resources. The authors argue that developing practical time banking systems requires analyzing how diverse economic models interact with particular societies. In this paper, the authors examine three time banking exchanging models through the spectrum of economic diversities, including (1) Replacing care resources as Model R, (2) Empowering actors and communities as Model E, and (3) Grossing profit-oriented time banking model as Model G. The authors propose a multifaceted economic spectrum to locate the three R-E-G models of time banking, which creates a focused dialogue on time banking research, and then assists nonprofit organizations and governments at all levels to strategize practical time banking policies and to formulate sustainable mechanisms.