Black hole optimised cascade proportional derivative-proportional integral derivative controller for frequency regulation in hybrid distributed power system

This manuscript presents a novel black hole optimised (BHO) proportional derivative-proportional integral derivative controller (PD-PID) is provided for the optimal solution of the frequency regulation of hybrid power system. At first, a two area power system is considered in which area-1 having thermal, distributed units and in area-2 includes thermal, hydel and nuclear units. Appropriate nonlinearities such boiler dynamics, governor dead band (GDB) and generation rate constraint (GRC) are considered. In the next step, PD-PID controller is considered as a secondary controller and its preeminence is shown by comparing with proportional integral derivate (PID) and proportional integral double derivate (PIDD) controllers for the same model having integral time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) as an error function. Finally, sensitivity of the proposed controller is investigated over a wide variation of system parameters and loading condition. For more examination of the proposed controller is also analysed under random step load and sinusoidal disturbances.