不同形式的暴力-精选问题

Krzysztof Mikołajczuk
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引用次数: 3

摘要

暴力从一开始就是人类历史的一部分。有些人认为,是“该隐的罪”决定了人类的暴力行为。虽然这种信念显然是简化的,但它反映了人的本性。我们渴望在他人、个人和社会结构中寻找邪恶。压迫的不仅仅是家庭。暴力无处不在;它是由同辈群体、社会阶层、组织和国家造成的。暴力通常被定义为针对某人或某事的社会行为,攻击者在一边,受害者在另一边。通常,对暴力的定义比较狭隘;也就是说,暴力被理解为使用武力从他人那里获得他们不愿意给予或不想做的事情。然而,暴力是一个更为复杂的现象。有些形式的暴力是复杂的,难以辨别,不仅在别人的行为中,而且在我们自己的行动中。暴力在微观层面上以压力、勒索、引诱或限制的形式出现,在宏观层面上以战争、危机、恐怖主义行为或革命的形式出现。暴力不仅是身体上和心理上的;它也可能是个人的、结构的、隐藏的、明确的、情感的和理性的。接下来,它发生在各种各样的空间:文化、体育、政治、媒体、公共空间和家庭。因此,对暴力的狭义定义没有包括暴力的许多方面,因此它是不实际的。使用这样的定义,我们只剩下极端的情况,所以实际上我们定义了病态。界定暴力的一个严重困难与统一界定人权有关。这些因文化而异,并在历史上不断发展。侵犯这些权利构成了所谓暴力行为的实质。每个社会对暴力的定义和防止暴力的努力各不相同,并以自己的方式表明谁是被禁止行为的肇事者。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Different Forms of Violence – Selected Issues
Violence has been part of the human history since its very beginning. As some believe, it is “Cain’s sin” that determines violent human behaviour. Though this belief is obviously simplified, it reflects the nature of man. We are eager to seek evil in others, in individuals and in social structures. It is not just the family that is oppressive. Violence is ubiquitous; it is inflicted by peer groups, social classes, organisations, and by the state. Violence is commonly defined as social behaviour against someone or something, the aggressor being on one side and the victim on the other. Usually, a narrow definition of violence is used; i.e., violence is understood as the use of force to obtain from others what they are not willing to give or what they do not want to do. However, violence is a more complex phenomenon. Some forms of violence are sophisticated and difficult to discern, not only in the behaviour of others but also in our own actions. Violence occurs on a micro-scale in the form of pressure, extortion, inducement, or restrictions, and on a macro-scale – as wars, crises, terroristic acts, or revolutions. Violence is not only physical and psychological; it may also be personal, structural, hidden, explicit, emotional, and rational. What follows, it takes place in a wide array of spaces: in culture, sport, politics, the media, in the public space and at home. Therefore, the narrow definition of violence fails to include many of its aspects, and as such it is not practical. Using such a definition, we are left with extreme cases, so in fact we define pathologies. A serious difficulty in defining violence is connected with defining human rights in a unified way. These vary from culture to culture and have been evolving throughout history. Violation of these rights constitutes the essence of what is referred to as violent behaviour. Each society defines and attempts to prevent violence differently, and also in its own way indicates those who judge the perpetrators of prohibited acts.
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