{"title":"使用参考泉水来描述与地质相关的泉水群的预期流量、温度和化学条件","authors":"S. Swanson, Grace Graham, D. Hart","doi":"10.2113/eeg-2312r","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"\n Reference springs can result in improved conceptual models of groundwater flow and an expanded understanding of the temporal variations in flow, temperature, and chemistry that may be expected for related springs. The reference spring concept is patterned off of the common practice of establishing reference sites to establish benchmark ecological conditions. We use the term “reference spring” to indicate a spring that is minimally disturbed and representative of a geologically related group of springs. Seven reference springs were selected from six previously defined groups that represent over 400 springs in Wisconsin, United States. Geologic cross-sections were constructed for each reference spring site, and springs were monitored for flow, spring-water temperature, and chemistry for up to 4 years, revealing new relationships within and between groups. Examples include: a range of temperature conditions that can be related to the depth of groundwater circulation for springs discharging from layered bedrock uplands, and differences in thermal patterns and specific conductance that can be related to the permeability and solubility of surficial glacial deposits for springs emanating from uneven glacial terrain. The results suggest that establishing reference springs may be a useful approach in other regions where geologically related groups of spring have been identified.","PeriodicalId":50518,"journal":{"name":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"4","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Using Reference Springs to Describe Expected Flow, Temperature, and Chemistry Conditions for Geologically Related Groups of Springs\",\"authors\":\"S. Swanson, Grace Graham, D. Hart\",\"doi\":\"10.2113/eeg-2312r\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"\\n Reference springs can result in improved conceptual models of groundwater flow and an expanded understanding of the temporal variations in flow, temperature, and chemistry that may be expected for related springs. The reference spring concept is patterned off of the common practice of establishing reference sites to establish benchmark ecological conditions. We use the term “reference spring” to indicate a spring that is minimally disturbed and representative of a geologically related group of springs. Seven reference springs were selected from six previously defined groups that represent over 400 springs in Wisconsin, United States. Geologic cross-sections were constructed for each reference spring site, and springs were monitored for flow, spring-water temperature, and chemistry for up to 4 years, revealing new relationships within and between groups. Examples include: a range of temperature conditions that can be related to the depth of groundwater circulation for springs discharging from layered bedrock uplands, and differences in thermal patterns and specific conductance that can be related to the permeability and solubility of surficial glacial deposits for springs emanating from uneven glacial terrain. The results suggest that establishing reference springs may be a useful approach in other regions where geologically related groups of spring have been identified.\",\"PeriodicalId\":50518,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2020-08-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"4\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2312r\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"工程技术\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2312r","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Using Reference Springs to Describe Expected Flow, Temperature, and Chemistry Conditions for Geologically Related Groups of Springs
Reference springs can result in improved conceptual models of groundwater flow and an expanded understanding of the temporal variations in flow, temperature, and chemistry that may be expected for related springs. The reference spring concept is patterned off of the common practice of establishing reference sites to establish benchmark ecological conditions. We use the term “reference spring” to indicate a spring that is minimally disturbed and representative of a geologically related group of springs. Seven reference springs were selected from six previously defined groups that represent over 400 springs in Wisconsin, United States. Geologic cross-sections were constructed for each reference spring site, and springs were monitored for flow, spring-water temperature, and chemistry for up to 4 years, revealing new relationships within and between groups. Examples include: a range of temperature conditions that can be related to the depth of groundwater circulation for springs discharging from layered bedrock uplands, and differences in thermal patterns and specific conductance that can be related to the permeability and solubility of surficial glacial deposits for springs emanating from uneven glacial terrain. The results suggest that establishing reference springs may be a useful approach in other regions where geologically related groups of spring have been identified.
期刊介绍:
The Environmental & Engineering Geoscience Journal publishes peer-reviewed manuscripts that address issues relating to the interaction of people with hydrologic and geologic systems. Theoretical and applied contributions are appropriate, and the primary criteria for acceptance are scientific and technical merit.