从葛兰西的文化霸权理论看1977 - 1988年间巴基斯坦的神权专制

Muhammad Uzair Hashmi
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摘要

本文运用葛兰西的“文化霸权理论”,考察了1977 - 1988年间巴基斯坦独裁政权选择神权政治途径的目的、方法和结果。葛兰西文化霸权理论提供了“传统知识分子”、“制造同意”、“市民社会”、“政治社会”、“有机知识分子”、“历史集团”等分析参数,这些参数是通过定性研究方法进行数据分析的具体基础。这篇论文很重要,因为它阐明了“政治社会”(专制政权)如何使用“软工具”而不是选择强制手段来制造大众的同意,而“公民社会”(宗教知识分子)。这篇论文是独一无二的,因为它试图应用葛兰西的文化霸权理论,在其真正的本质上揭示齐亚统治的霸权政策的长期影响,并回答有关今天巴基斯坦外交和国内政策挑战的未回答的问题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
THEOCRATIC AUTOCRACY IN PAKISTAN BETWEEN 1977 TO 1988 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GRAMSCI'S THEORY OF CULTURAL HEGEMONY
This paper employs the Gramsci's "Theory of Cultural Hegemony" to investigate the objectives, methodology, and outcomes of theocratic political approach opted by the autocratic regime in Pakistan between 1977 to 1988. Gramsci Cultural Hegemony theory provides parameters of analysis such as "traditional intellectuals," "manufactured consent," "civil society," "political society," "organic intellectuals," and "historic bloc," which serve as concrete foundations for data analysis through the qualitative research methodology. This paper is significant as it elucidates how "political society" (authoritarian regimes), rather than choosing coercion, exercise “soft tools” over "civil society" (religious intellectuals) to manufacture the consent of the masses. This paper is unique as it has attempted to apply the Gramsci's cultural hegemony theory in its true essence to bring to light the long-term repercussions of the hegemonic policies of Zia's rule and to answer the unanswered questions regarding the foreign and internal policy challenges in today's Pakistan.
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