石斑鱼和风疹蚓粪中有机颗粒的大小和含量(模型实验)

IF 0.4 Q4 BIOLOGY
O. A. Frolov, E. Milanovskiy
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The soil did not contain particles of >100 gm (based on the performed particle-size distribution analysis). The experimental site was located 15 km to the north of V. V. Alekhin Central Black Earth State Biosphere Reserve. In 1947, a black earth plot having an area of 0.6 hectares was ploughed under regularly mowed virgin motley grass-meadow vegetation within the Reserve territory (51°34'12.5\"N 36°05'22.5\" E). In this study, we used a model experiment based on microcosms with earthworms. We took soil from the arable black earth horizon of Kursk Region (51°37'17.1\" N; 36°15'42.0\" E). This type of soil was Protocalcic Chernozem (Loamic, Pachic). The microcosms belonged to four variants: soil, soil&litter, soil&litter and worms (A. caliginosa), soil&litter and worms (L. rubellus). All the variants had four replications. We took a total of 24 samples (an average sample from 10 different parts of the microcosm) from each variant based on replications and sampling timing (Figure 2). We measured the total content of C after dry combustion in an oxygen stream at 1,000 °C with the AN-7529 carbon analyzer (Gomel Plant of Measuring Devices, Republic of Belarus) using the method of automatic coulometric titration. For our PSD analysis, we used the laser diffractometer Malvern Mastersizer 3000E with a helium-neon red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, and the 600ml Hydro LV dispersing device. The measurement ranges of particle sizes were from 0.01 to 2,000 gm (Malvern Panalytical Inc., GB). We determined PSD in soil samples and casts before and after OM oxidation. The laboratory model experiment variants had four replications. We performed a carbon content analysis in three dimensions for each sample. We obtained PSD results in six replications, each of which being an average value of three sample suspension scans. The figures show arithmetic mean values for the replications and the confidence intervals of a standard deviation at the significance level (a = 0.05) calculated using Excel (2010). We made an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a principal component analysis (PCA) using additive logarithmic ratio transformation for data normalization. The contribution of the earthworm A. caliginosa to SOM accumulation is insignificant. The TOC in the casts of A. caliginosa is 0.32± 0.06% higher vs. the reference variant “soil.” The TOC in the soil with the epigeic soil-litter earthworm L. rubellus (4.99± 0.4%) and its casts (5.03±0.24%) is significantly higher vs. other experiment variants (Figure 3). Earthworms changed the soil PSD, which led to a redistribution of particles (Table 1). Owing to the intake of organic particles, earthworms increased the share of coarse sand in the sand fraction (vs. the particle fraction (PF) of the control sample - soil without litter and earthworms) for A. caliginosa (very fine sand +1.05%, fine sand +1.07%, medium sand +0.4%, coarse sand +0.22%) and L. rubellus (very fine sand +3.36%, fine sand +4.7%, medium sand +2.24%, coarse sand +1.03%) (Figure 4). The earthworms A. caliginosa concentrate mineral particles of fine sand (+0.46%), medium sand (+0.37%), and coarse sand (+0.07%) in their casts, while L. rubellus concentrate silt particles (+3.8%) and fine sand (+0.36%) (Figure 5). The loss of vol.(%) after oxidation in all fractions in all the variants is caused by soil organic matter (Table 2). We used PCA to assess the effect of earthworm species and litter on the size and content of organic particles in casts and soil (Figure 6). The PCA results show important fractions for detection of organic (>100 pm) and mineral (250-500 pm, 500-1,000 pm) particles in the PSD. We assessed the effect of the size and content of organic particles in casts using ANOVA (Table 3). The most important factors are earthworm species and litter (based on the partial n-square). We assume that the source of mineral particles in the casts of A. caliginosa are phytoliths from the litter of Acer platanoides (L). The earthworms L. rubellus have a stronger effect on soil vs. A. caliginosa. The study does not confirm some of our hypotheses. Earthworms change PSD through OM grinding, but the PSD without OM is different in all the variants. We hypothesize in our paper that the reason is the destruction of phytoliths from litter and their accumulation in casts. One may distinguish between organic and mineral components in samples through determination of PSD before and after organic matter removal. 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We measured the total content of C after dry combustion in an oxygen stream at 1,000 °C with the AN-7529 carbon analyzer (Gomel Plant of Measuring Devices, Republic of Belarus) using the method of automatic coulometric titration. For our PSD analysis, we used the laser diffractometer Malvern Mastersizer 3000E with a helium-neon red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, and the 600ml Hydro LV dispersing device. The measurement ranges of particle sizes were from 0.01 to 2,000 gm (Malvern Panalytical Inc., GB). We determined PSD in soil samples and casts before and after OM oxidation. The laboratory model experiment variants had four replications. We performed a carbon content analysis in three dimensions for each sample. We obtained PSD results in six replications, each of which being an average value of three sample suspension scans. The figures show arithmetic mean values for the replications and the confidence intervals of a standard deviation at the significance level (a = 0.05) calculated using Excel (2010). We made an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a principal component analysis (PCA) using additive logarithmic ratio transformation for data normalization. The contribution of the earthworm A. caliginosa to SOM accumulation is insignificant. The TOC in the casts of A. caliginosa is 0.32± 0.06% higher vs. the reference variant “soil.” The TOC in the soil with the epigeic soil-litter earthworm L. rubellus (4.99± 0.4%) and its casts (5.03±0.24%) is significantly higher vs. other experiment variants (Figure 3). Earthworms changed the soil PSD, which led to a redistribution of particles (Table 1). 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引用次数: 0

摘要

蚯蚓是多种土壤无脊椎动物中的一员,在土壤有机质的积累、混合和转化过程中起着重要作用。本研究的目的是检测石斑鱼(Aporrectodea caliginosa)和风疹蚓(Lumbricus rubellus)的颗粒大小分布(PSD)中的有机和矿物颗粒。本研究的两个假设是:(a)蚯蚓通过研磨有机物(OM)改变PSD, (b)没有OM的PSD在所有变异体中都不变化。作者首次研究了铸件中OM氧化前后的PSD。他们还首次描述了在对照样品中未观察到的A. caliginosa和L. rubellus铸型中矿物颗粒含量的增加。土壤中不含大于100 gm的颗粒(根据所进行的粒度分布分析)。实验地点位于V. V. Alekhin中部黑土国家生物圈保护区以北15公里处。1947年,在保护区境内(北纬51°34′12.5”北纬36°05′22.5”东经),在定期修剪的原始杂色草甸植被下,开垦了一块面积为0.6公顷的黑土地块。我们从库尔斯克地区(51°37′17.1”N;该土壤类型为原钙质黑钙土(Loamic, Pachic)。微观世界分为土壤、土壤-凋落物、土壤-凋落物-蠕虫(caliginosa)、土壤-凋落物-蠕虫(L. rubellus)四个变种。所有的变异都有四次重复。基于重复和采样时间,我们从每个变体中总共取了24个样本(来自微观世界10个不同部分的平均样本)(图2)。我们使用an -7529碳分析仪(白俄罗斯共和国戈梅尔测量设备厂)使用自动库隆滴定法测量了在1000°C的氧气流中干燃烧后的总C含量。对于PSD分析,我们使用了波长为632.8 nm的氦氖红光Malvern Mastersizer 3000E激光衍射仪和600ml Hydro LV分散装置。粒径测量范围为0.01 ~ 2000 gm (Malvern Panalytical Inc., GB)。我们测定了OM氧化前后土壤样品和铸件中的PSD。实验室模型实验变体有四个重复。我们对每个样品进行了三维碳含量分析。我们得到了六次重复的PSD结果,每次都是三次样本悬浮扫描的平均值。图表显示了使用Excel(2010)计算的重复的算术平均值和显著性水平上标准差的置信区间(a = 0.05)。我们进行了方差分析(ANOVA)和主成分分析(PCA),使用加性对数比值变换进行数据归一化。蚯蚓对SOM积累的贡献不显著。与参考变异“土壤”相比,金盏花铸型中TOC含量高0.32±0.06%。附生土壤凋落物中,风状L.蚯蚓(4.99±0.4%)及其投粪(5.03±0.24%)的TOC含量显著高于其他试验品种(图3)。蚯蚓改变了土壤PSD,导致颗粒的重新分配(表1)。蚯蚓增加了毛蕊草(极细沙+1.05%,细沙+1.07%,中沙+0.4%,粗沙+0.22%)和风门草(极细沙+3.36%,细沙+4.7%,中沙+2.24%,粗沙+1.03%)的砂粒中粗沙的比例(相对于对照样土-无凋落物和蚯蚓)(图4)。毛蕊草浓缩了细沙(+0.46%),中沙(+0.37%),和粗砂(+ 0.07%)在他们的投射,而l . rubellus集中泥沙颗粒(+ 3.8%)和细沙(+ 0.36%)(图5),卷的损失。(%)在所有分数在氧化后变异是由土壤有机质(表2)。我们使用主成分分析来评估的影响蚯蚓物种和垃圾的大小和内容有机粒子和土壤(图6)。主成分分析结果显示重要的分数检测有机(> 100点)和矿物(250 - 500点,PSD中的500-1,000 pm)颗粒。我们使用方差分析(ANOVA)评估了铸件中有机颗粒的大小和含量的影响(表3)。最重要的因素是蚯蚓种类和凋落物(基于偏n方)。笔者认为,毛囊蚯蚓粪中矿物颗粒的来源可能是platanoides (L)凋落物中的植物岩。与毛囊蚯蚓相比,毛囊蚯蚓对土壤的影响更大。这项研究并没有证实我们的一些假设。蚯蚓通过磨OM来改变PSD,但没有OM的PSD在所有变体中都是不同的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Size and Content of Organic Particles in the Casts of Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus (Model Experiment)
Being part of a wide variety of soil invertebrates, earthworms play an important role in soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation, mixing and transformation. The goal of this study is to detect organic and mineral particles in the particle-size distributions (PSD) of the casts of Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus. The two hypotheses of this study are as follows: (a) earthworms change PSD by grinding organic matter (OM), and (b) PSD without OM does not vary in all the variants. For the first time ever, the authors studied PSD before and after OM oxidation in casts. For the first time ever, they also described the increase in the content of mineral particles in the casts of A. caliginosa and L. rubellus that was not observed in the control samples. The soil did not contain particles of >100 gm (based on the performed particle-size distribution analysis). The experimental site was located 15 km to the north of V. V. Alekhin Central Black Earth State Biosphere Reserve. In 1947, a black earth plot having an area of 0.6 hectares was ploughed under regularly mowed virgin motley grass-meadow vegetation within the Reserve territory (51°34'12.5"N 36°05'22.5" E). In this study, we used a model experiment based on microcosms with earthworms. We took soil from the arable black earth horizon of Kursk Region (51°37'17.1" N; 36°15'42.0" E). This type of soil was Protocalcic Chernozem (Loamic, Pachic). The microcosms belonged to four variants: soil, soil&litter, soil&litter and worms (A. caliginosa), soil&litter and worms (L. rubellus). All the variants had four replications. We took a total of 24 samples (an average sample from 10 different parts of the microcosm) from each variant based on replications and sampling timing (Figure 2). We measured the total content of C after dry combustion in an oxygen stream at 1,000 °C with the AN-7529 carbon analyzer (Gomel Plant of Measuring Devices, Republic of Belarus) using the method of automatic coulometric titration. For our PSD analysis, we used the laser diffractometer Malvern Mastersizer 3000E with a helium-neon red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, and the 600ml Hydro LV dispersing device. The measurement ranges of particle sizes were from 0.01 to 2,000 gm (Malvern Panalytical Inc., GB). We determined PSD in soil samples and casts before and after OM oxidation. The laboratory model experiment variants had four replications. We performed a carbon content analysis in three dimensions for each sample. We obtained PSD results in six replications, each of which being an average value of three sample suspension scans. The figures show arithmetic mean values for the replications and the confidence intervals of a standard deviation at the significance level (a = 0.05) calculated using Excel (2010). We made an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a principal component analysis (PCA) using additive logarithmic ratio transformation for data normalization. The contribution of the earthworm A. caliginosa to SOM accumulation is insignificant. The TOC in the casts of A. caliginosa is 0.32± 0.06% higher vs. the reference variant “soil.” The TOC in the soil with the epigeic soil-litter earthworm L. rubellus (4.99± 0.4%) and its casts (5.03±0.24%) is significantly higher vs. other experiment variants (Figure 3). Earthworms changed the soil PSD, which led to a redistribution of particles (Table 1). Owing to the intake of organic particles, earthworms increased the share of coarse sand in the sand fraction (vs. the particle fraction (PF) of the control sample - soil without litter and earthworms) for A. caliginosa (very fine sand +1.05%, fine sand +1.07%, medium sand +0.4%, coarse sand +0.22%) and L. rubellus (very fine sand +3.36%, fine sand +4.7%, medium sand +2.24%, coarse sand +1.03%) (Figure 4). The earthworms A. caliginosa concentrate mineral particles of fine sand (+0.46%), medium sand (+0.37%), and coarse sand (+0.07%) in their casts, while L. rubellus concentrate silt particles (+3.8%) and fine sand (+0.36%) (Figure 5). The loss of vol.(%) after oxidation in all fractions in all the variants is caused by soil organic matter (Table 2). We used PCA to assess the effect of earthworm species and litter on the size and content of organic particles in casts and soil (Figure 6). The PCA results show important fractions for detection of organic (>100 pm) and mineral (250-500 pm, 500-1,000 pm) particles in the PSD. We assessed the effect of the size and content of organic particles in casts using ANOVA (Table 3). The most important factors are earthworm species and litter (based on the partial n-square). We assume that the source of mineral particles in the casts of A. caliginosa are phytoliths from the litter of Acer platanoides (L). The earthworms L. rubellus have a stronger effect on soil vs. A. caliginosa. The study does not confirm some of our hypotheses. Earthworms change PSD through OM grinding, but the PSD without OM is different in all the variants. We hypothesize in our paper that the reason is the destruction of phytoliths from litter and their accumulation in casts. One may distinguish between organic and mineral components in samples through determination of PSD before and after organic matter removal. We recommend determining a particle-size distribution both before and after organic matter removal from initial samples. The paper contains 5 Figures, 3 Tables, 54 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
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