不是你奶奶的Goobers:设计花生育种的未来

K. Chamberlin
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引用次数: 4

摘要

自1969年以来,花生生产商实现了130%的产量增长,2017年美国全国平均产量为4563 kgha−1。农业工程、农业实践以及防治病虫害和杂草的化学品的进步都有助于提高花生的生产效率和盈利能力。也许对可持续花生生产的最大贡献是针对区域的花生育种计划。为了实现“完美花生品种”的目标,花生育种家们专注于开发具有抗病、高油酸含量、早熟和耐旱性等重要性状的品种,同时提高产量和品级等基本性状,从而成功地向客户交付了花生品种。在过去的50年里,传统的花生育种提供了不断供应的改良品种。然而,如果仅仅继续使用传统技术,这一成功可能很难超越。幸运的是,最近分子技术的进步导致了祖先和栽培花生基因组的测序,为性状定位和分子标记开发打开了大门。通过为性状定位而设计的广泛表型群体,可以在未来十年采取步骤,开发性状特异性标记,用于快速挖掘大量种质资源,有效识别有用的育种材料,将性状转化为品种,并大大减少品种开发所需的时间和资源。毫无疑问,未来的花生育种者将在使用这些标记方面得到良好的训练,并最终拥有突破栽培花生遗传基础狭窄的瓶颈所必需的工具。通过设计培育花生的时代可能即将到来。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Not Your Grandma's Goobers: Designing the Future of Peanut Breeding
The peanut producer has realized a 130% increase in yield since 1969, with production averaging 4,563 kgha−1 nationwide for the US in 2017. Advances in agricultural engineering, agricultural practices, and chemicals for pests, diseases and weed management have all contributed to increased peanut production efficiency and profitability. Perhaps greatest contribution to sustainable peanut production has been made by area-targeted peanut breeding programs. Charged with hitting the moving target of a 'perfect peanut cultivar', peanut breeders have managed to deliver to their customers by focusing on developing cultivars with traits of high importance such as disease resistance, high oleic acid content, early maturity, and drought tolerance, while advancing essential traits such as yield and grade. Conventional peanut breeding has provided a continuous supply of improved cultivars over the last 50 years. However, this success may be difficult to exceed if only conventional technologies continue to be used. Fortunately, recent advances in molecular technologies have resulted in the sequencing of both the ancestral and cultivated peanut genomes, opening the door for the mapping of traits and molecular marker development. By extensively phenotyping populations designed for trait mapping, steps can now be taken over the next decade to develop trait-specific markers for use in rapidly mining vast germplasm collections, efficiently identifying useful breeding material, pyramiding traits into cultivars and drastically reducing time and resources required for cultivar development. Future generations of peanut breeders will undoubtedly be well-trained in the use of such markers and will finally have the tools necessary to break through the bottle-neck of the cultivated peanut narrow genetic base. The age of peanut breeding by design may be just around the corner.
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