采购产品合成聚合物:聚酯,聚醚,聚砜和其他聚合物

Amy Benson
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引用次数: 1

摘要

聚酯树脂的商业应用始于20世纪初,当时醇酸树脂首次用于表面涂层。聚酯今天被发现作为纤维,薄膜,层压树脂,成型树脂和工程塑料。许多高分子量聚醚用作工程塑料,如聚硫化物和聚砜。提供了这些化合物的重要性质和一般类别的生产数据。处理技术差别很大,在本章各节中讨论。虽然这些聚合物的毒性数据有限,但本章各节将讨论这些信息。在许多情况下,成品聚合物具有低毒性。然而,成品中的一些化学物质已知会从聚合物中迁移(尽管通常是少量的)。此外,本章中描述的一些聚合物用于生物医学设备,包括移植物和其他植入物、透析膜或静脉注射载体,并且可能存在与这些用途相关的毒性。对于特定的医疗应用,应将任何风险与产品带来的益处进行权衡。在决定是否使用特定装置之前,有必要咨询医疗专业人员。当然,与这些聚合物相关的一些最可能引起关注的是制造或加工场所的工人。工人可能会接触到易燃溶剂、高温或火灾过程中产生的挥发性化学品(如单体、阻燃剂、添加剂)。工人也可能接触到聚酯纤维制造和加工过程中产生的灰尘或微粒。最后,在产生静电荷的地方(例如,在使用易燃材料的聚酯薄膜在滚筒上的物理加工过程中),可能会产生爆炸危险。这些聚合物的工业卫生问题取决于树脂的类型。这些问题的例子包括:在制造不饱和聚酯树脂的过程中可能释放出大量的苯乙烯;在聚酯纤维的制造和加工过程中,大量吸入可能产生具有显著生物学后果的微粒;在通风不良的空间中加工聚甲醛可能会释放大量的甲醛到邻近的大气中;如果加热到分解温度,含硫工程树脂可能产生硫化氢或二氧化硫。化学输入通常用于合成每一个聚合物以及相关的添加剂将在本章的各节中讨论。大多数这些输入的毒性数据可以在帕蒂的《工业卫生与毒理学》的其他章节中找到。目前还没有关于聚合物成品的普通工业用途的具体标准。然而,用于合成或加工这些聚合物的化学品可能存在职业接触限制。此外,还有可能适用的粉尘和颗粒的职业接触限值。还有几个可能需要的一般保护措施的例子,例如,建议向工作场所持续供应新鲜空气,并通过排气系统去除加工烟雾。此外,应使用适当的个人防护,定期从排气罩、管道系统和其他表面清除有毒或有火灾危险的加工烟气冷凝物。通风要求必须在当地确定,以限制在其使用点接触材料。在清洁或处理冷凝物和塑料加工烟雾时,应注意使用适当的个人防护。本章描述的聚合物通常很少或没有燃烧毒性的数据。塑料燃烧产物的毒理学方面可能非常复杂,部分原因是很难在受控条件下模拟真实环境。此外,根据各种因素,燃烧产物混合物中存在的化学物质的定性和定量性质也会有所不同。可能导致这些聚合物燃烧产物毒性的一些因素包括一氧化碳和二氧化碳的增加、氧气的减少和刺激性气体的存在。火灾的主要影响通常是缺氧引起的窒息、一氧化碳中毒、组织的热损伤以及燃烧气体对呼吸道的刺激。一些聚合物用于包装(或直接用于食品),直接或间接食品接触应用的许可列在联邦法规第21章中,并在本章各节中列出。 其他聚合物已被批准用于可植入体内或用于透析机的特定医疗设备。关键词:食品添加剂;醇酸树脂;烯丙基聚合物;燃烧产品;火灾烟雾;线性对苯二甲酸酯聚合物;个人防护;聚碳酸酯;聚醚;聚苯硫醚;聚砜;处理气体;硫聚合物;合成纤维;热降解;不饱和聚酯树脂
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Synthetic Polymers: Polyesters, Polyethers, Polysulfones, and Other Polymers
Commercial use of polyester resins dates from the early twentieth century, when alkyd resins were first used in surface coatings. The polyesters are found today as fibers, films, laminating resins, molding resins, and engineering plastics. Many of the high molecular weight polyethers are used as engineering plastics, as are the polysulfides and the polysulfones. Important properties of these compounds and production data for the general categories are provided. Processing techniques vary widely and are discussed in the sections in this chapter. Although toxicity data for some of these polymers are limited, information is discussed in the sections in this chapter. In many cases, the finished polymers are associated with low toxicity. However, some chemicals within the finished products have been known to migrate from the polymers (although usually in small amounts). Further, some of the polymers described in this chapter are used in biomedical equipment, including grafts and other implants, dialysis membranes, or as vehicles for intravenous injections, and there may be toxicity associated with these uses. For specific medical applications, any risks should be weighed against benefits derived from the products. Consultation with medical professionals is necessary before deciding on whether to use particular devices. Certainly some of the highest potentials for concern associated with these polymers are for workers at manufacturing or processing sites. Workers may be exposed to volatile chemicals (e.g., monomers, flame retardants, additives) generated during processing of flammable solvents, elevated temperatures, or fires. Workers may also be exposed to dust or particulates generated in the manufacturing and processing of polyester fibers. Finally, explosion hazards might be possible where static charges are generated (e.g., during physical processing of polyester films over rollers) where flammable materials are used. Industrial hygiene concerns with these polymers depend on the type of resin. Examples of such concerns include the following: significant quantities of styrene may be released during the fabrication of unsaturated polyester resins; particulates that have biologically significant consequences when inhaled in large amounts may be generated in the manufacturing and processing of polyester fibers; processing of polyoxymethylene in a poorly ventilated space may release biologically significant amounts of formaldehyde into the adjacent atmosphere; or sulfur-containing engineering resins may yield hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide if heated to decomposition temperatures. The chemical inputs typically used to synthesize each of the polymers as well as relevant additives are discussed in the sections in this chapter. Toxicity data for most of these inputs can be found in other chapters of this edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. No specific standards are known that pertain to ordinary industrial use of the finished polymeric products. However, there may be occupational exposure limits for the chemicals used to synthesize or process these polymers. In addition, there are occupational exposure limits for dust and particles that may be applicable. There are also several examples of general protection measures that might be required such as using a continuous supply of fresh air to the workplace together with removal of processing fumes through exhaust systems is recommended. Also, processing fume condensates that are toxic or are fire hazards should be removed periodically from exhaust hoods, ductwork, and other surfaces by individuals using appropriate personal protection. Ventilation requirements must be locally determined to limit exposure to materials at their point of use. Use of proper personal protection while cleaning or handling condensates and plastic processing fumes should be observed. The polymers described in this chapter have generally little or no data on toxicity from burning. The toxicological aspects of plastic combustion products can be very complex in part because it is very difficult to simulate real-world environments under controlled conditions. Also, depending on a variety of factors, the qualitative and quantitative nature of chemicals present in the combustion product mixtures will vary. Some factors that may contribute to toxicity of combustion products of these polymers include increase of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, decrease of oxygen, and the presence of irritant gases. The primary effects from fires are often asphyxia due to oxygen deficiency, poisoning from carbon monoxide, heat damage to tissues, and irritation of the respiratory tract by combustion gases. Some polymers are used in packaging (or directly in food), and clearances for direct or indirect food contact applications are listed under Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, and are listed in the sections in this chapter. Other polymers have been approved for use in specific medical devices that may be implanted in the body or used in dialysis machines. Keywords: Additives; alkyd resins; allyl polymers; combustion products; fire smoke; linear terephthalate polymers; personal protection; polycarbonates; polyethers; polyphenylene sulfide; polysulfones; processing fumes; sulfur polymers; synthetic fibers; thermal degradation; unsaturated polyester resins
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