酚和酚类物质

F. Cavender, J. O'donohue
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引用次数: 4

摘要

苯酚最初是从煤焦油流中分离出来的,但现在它几乎完全是由异丙苯氧化和随后的异丙苯过氧化氢裂解生成苯酚和丙酮产生的。1995年美国苯酚的产量为41.6亿磅(3)。苯酚在石油工业中用于从渣油中提取润滑油。它与醛类如甲醛反应形成“酚醛树脂”,广泛用于粘合剂、结构产品和电子层压板。其他用途包括制造己内酰胺(制造尼龙的中间体),双酚A(制造环氧树脂和聚碳酸酯的中间体),除草剂,木材防腐剂,液压油,重型表面活性剂,润滑油添加剂,油箱衬里和涂料,以及增塑剂和其他特种化学品的中间体。苯酚在医学上用于咽喉含片、消毒剂和软膏;面部去皮;并导致神经阻滞。除了极少数例外,人类在工业中接触苯酚仅限于意外接触皮肤或吸入苯酚蒸气。其他主要的吸入接触源包括住宅燃烧和汽车尾气。类似的细节也适用于酚类物质,包括氯和溴化合物。关键词:苯酚;酚醛树脂;意外接触;肾毒性;作用方式;癌症模型;临床病例;EPA法规;Hematoxicity;火灾隐患;含氯化合物
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Phenol and Phenolics
Phenol was originally isolated from coal-tar streams, but now it is almost exclusively produced by the oxidation of cumene and subsequent cleavage of the cumene hydroperoxide to form phenol and acetone. The U.S. production of phenol for 1995 was 4.16 billion lb (3). Phenol is used in the petroleum industry to extract lube (lubricating) oil from residual oil. It is reacted with aldehydes such as formaldehyde to form “phenolic resins,” which are widely used as adhesives, structural products, and electrical laminates. Other uses include the manufacture of caprolactam (an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon), bisphenol A (an intermediate in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonates), herbicides, wood preservatives, hydraulic fluids, heavy-duty surfactants, lube-oil additives, tank linings and coatings, and intermediates for plasticizers and other specialty chemicals. Phenol is used medically in throat lozenges, disinfectants, and ointments; for facial skin peels; and to cause nerve block. With rare exceptions, human exposure in industry has been limited to accidental contact of phenol with the skin or to inhalation of phenol vapors. Other major sources of inhalation exposure include residential burning and automobile exhaust. Similar details are given for phenolics, including chloro and bromo compounds. Keywords: Phenol; Phenolics; Accidental exposure; Nephrotoxicity; Mode of action; Cancer models; Clinical cases; EPA regulations; Hematoxicity; Fire hazard; Chlorinated compounds
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