Nutritional management in polycystic ovary syndrome: challenges and opportunities

PCOS is one of the most common endocrine diseases affecting women of reproductive age. Its etiology remains unresolved but it is thought to have a genetic basis as well as interactions with other environmental factors. This disease is diagnosed through the Rotterdam 2003 criteria but there is no definite treatment for the disorder. However, cure involves targeting the multiple symptoms of PCOS where weight loss is the first-line intervention. Obesity may not be the universal feature of PCOS, but studies have shown that there is a high prevalence among diseased females. Since the patients are more likely to be obese, they are also more likely to develop insulin resistance. The proper diet for PCOS thus targets these two characteristics of the disorder and through their management, the other symptoms of PCOS including hirsutism, acne and infertility are targeted. Saturated fats consumption should be reduced to a minimum whereas the unsaturated fat intake must be balanced with the carbohydrate and protein intake. Carbohydrate intake should not be abundant in the diet because high GI foods prove to reduce insulin sensitivity and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. As for the protein intake, it should not exceed 20% of the total macronutrient calorie intake. A healthy lifestyle must be followed which includes at least 30 minutes of exercise, five times a week. A properly managed diet combined with a balanced lifestyle addresses insulin resistance, cardiovascular health and metabolism, all of which target PCOS symptoms and alleviate them.