{"title":"贫血对印度城市地区学龄青少年认知能力的影响","authors":"Devyani V. Pattebahadur, D. Patil","doi":"10.5195/ijms.2022.1754","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background: \nAnemia is a major nutritional health problem in India. It poses a significant threat to health due to a decrease in oxygen availability to the body. This predisposes the anemic individual to an increased risk of heart problems, stroke, motor or cognitive developmental delays, infections, and other disturbances. Some studies found a correlation between anemia and low IQ scores while others found no such correlation. The authors decided to perform this study to determine whether such a correlation exists in adolescents, a group that is susceptible to anemia. \n \nMethods: \nThis was a cross-sectional study involving 28 school-going adolescents of an urban area in the age group of 12-15 years, selected by simple random sampling. Individuals with a prior diagnosis of a medical or psychiatric condition were excluded. After obtaining permission from school authorities, ethics committee approval, parental consent, and assent, participants were interviewed using pro forma. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using hemoglobin strips. Cognitive status examination was performed by using Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised, and Mini-Mental State Examination. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2010. \n \nResults: \n89% of the study population was anemic and 11% was non-anemic. The mean IQ score was 92.4; the mean ACE-R score was 84.2; the mean MMSE score was 26.6. Unpaired t-test was used to analyze the data; tests were done at a 5% significance level. The IQ score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 83.96 +/- 7.74. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s IQ score (p = 0.76). The ACE-R score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 84.04 +/- 7.84. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s ACE-R score (p = 0.70). The MMSE score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 26.48 +/- 1.66. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s MMSE score (p = 0.125). \n \nConclusion: \nThe findings suggest that the average IQ, MMSE, and ACE-R scores are lower in the anemic group than in the non-anemic group. However, no statistically significant correlation between hemoglobin level and cognitive function was found in this study. \n \nKey Words: Anemia, Intelligence, Cognition, Adolescent (Source: MeSH-NLM). \n \nFigure or Table: \n \nComparison of cognitive status examination scores in anemic and normal groups \n \n \n \n \nParameter \n \n \nGroup \n \n \nMean \n \n \nStandard Deviation (S.D.) \n \n \nStandard Error of Mean \n \n \np-value by unpaired t-test \n \n \n \n \nMMSE Score \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n26.48 \n \n \n1.66 \n \n \n0.332 \n \n \n0.125 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n27.67 \n \n \n1.53 \n \n \n0.883 \n \n \n \n \nIntelligence Quotient \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n87.22 \n \n \n5.97 \n \n \n1.19 \n \n \n0.76 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n93.02 \n \n \n4.93 \n \n \n2.85 \n \n \n \n \nACE-R Score \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n84.04 \n \n \n7.84 \n \n \n1.57 \n \n \n0.7 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n85.33 \n \n \n4.93 \n \n \n2.85 \n \n \n \n \nComponents of ACE-R: \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \nAttention & Orientation \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n16.08 \n \n \n1.29 \n \n \n0.26 \n \n \n0.23 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n17 \n \n \n0 \n \n \n0 \n \n \n \n \nMemory \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n20.32 \n \n \n4.18 \n \n \n0.84 \n \n \n0.26 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n17.67 \n \n \n4.62 \n \n \n2.67 \n \n \n \n \nFluency \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n9.4 \n \n \n2.38 \n \n \n0.48 \n \n \n0.16 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n11 \n \n \n0 \n \n \n0 \n \n \n \n \nLanguage \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n23 \n \n \n1.96 \n \n \n0.39 \n \n \n0.16 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n24.67 \n \n \n0.58 \n \n \n0.33 \n \n \n \n \nVisuospatial \n \n \nAnemic \n \n \n15.16 \n \n \n1.25 \n \n \n0.25 \n \n \n0.82 \n \n \n \n \nNormal \n \n \n15 \n \n \n0 \n \n \n0 \n \n \n \n \n ","PeriodicalId":73459,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medical students","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effects of Anemia on Cognitive Ability in School-going Adolescents in an Urban Area in India\",\"authors\":\"Devyani V. Pattebahadur, D. Patil\",\"doi\":\"10.5195/ijms.2022.1754\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Background: \\nAnemia is a major nutritional health problem in India. It poses a significant threat to health due to a decrease in oxygen availability to the body. This predisposes the anemic individual to an increased risk of heart problems, stroke, motor or cognitive developmental delays, infections, and other disturbances. Some studies found a correlation between anemia and low IQ scores while others found no such correlation. The authors decided to perform this study to determine whether such a correlation exists in adolescents, a group that is susceptible to anemia. \\n \\nMethods: \\nThis was a cross-sectional study involving 28 school-going adolescents of an urban area in the age group of 12-15 years, selected by simple random sampling. Individuals with a prior diagnosis of a medical or psychiatric condition were excluded. After obtaining permission from school authorities, ethics committee approval, parental consent, and assent, participants were interviewed using pro forma. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using hemoglobin strips. Cognitive status examination was performed by using Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised, and Mini-Mental State Examination. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2010. \\n \\nResults: \\n89% of the study population was anemic and 11% was non-anemic. The mean IQ score was 92.4; the mean ACE-R score was 84.2; the mean MMSE score was 26.6. Unpaired t-test was used to analyze the data; tests were done at a 5% significance level. The IQ score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 83.96 +/- 7.74. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s IQ score (p = 0.76). The ACE-R score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 84.04 +/- 7.84. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s ACE-R score (p = 0.70). The MMSE score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 26.48 +/- 1.66. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s MMSE score (p = 0.125). \\n \\nConclusion: \\nThe findings suggest that the average IQ, MMSE, and ACE-R scores are lower in the anemic group than in the non-anemic group. However, no statistically significant correlation between hemoglobin level and cognitive function was found in this study. \\n \\nKey Words: Anemia, Intelligence, Cognition, Adolescent (Source: MeSH-NLM). \\n \\nFigure or Table: \\n \\nComparison of cognitive status examination scores in anemic and normal groups \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nParameter \\n \\n \\nGroup \\n \\n \\nMean \\n \\n \\nStandard Deviation (S.D.) \\n \\n \\nStandard Error of Mean \\n \\n \\np-value by unpaired t-test \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMMSE Score \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n26.48 \\n \\n \\n1.66 \\n \\n \\n0.332 \\n \\n \\n0.125 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n27.67 \\n \\n \\n1.53 \\n \\n \\n0.883 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nIntelligence Quotient \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n87.22 \\n \\n \\n5.97 \\n \\n \\n1.19 \\n \\n \\n0.76 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n93.02 \\n \\n \\n4.93 \\n \\n \\n2.85 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nACE-R Score \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n84.04 \\n \\n \\n7.84 \\n \\n \\n1.57 \\n \\n \\n0.7 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n85.33 \\n \\n \\n4.93 \\n \\n \\n2.85 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nComponents of ACE-R: \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nAttention & Orientation \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n16.08 \\n \\n \\n1.29 \\n \\n \\n0.26 \\n \\n \\n0.23 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n17 \\n \\n \\n0 \\n \\n \\n0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMemory \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n20.32 \\n \\n \\n4.18 \\n \\n \\n0.84 \\n \\n \\n0.26 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n17.67 \\n \\n \\n4.62 \\n \\n \\n2.67 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nFluency \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n9.4 \\n \\n \\n2.38 \\n \\n \\n0.48 \\n \\n \\n0.16 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n11 \\n \\n \\n0 \\n \\n \\n0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nLanguage \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n23 \\n \\n \\n1.96 \\n \\n \\n0.39 \\n \\n \\n0.16 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n24.67 \\n \\n \\n0.58 \\n \\n \\n0.33 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nVisuospatial \\n \\n \\nAnemic \\n \\n \\n15.16 \\n \\n \\n1.25 \\n \\n \\n0.25 \\n \\n \\n0.82 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nNormal \\n \\n \\n15 \\n \\n \\n0 \\n \\n \\n0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \",\"PeriodicalId\":73459,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International journal of medical students\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-02-20\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International journal of medical students\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2022.1754\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International journal of medical students","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2022.1754","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Effects of Anemia on Cognitive Ability in School-going Adolescents in an Urban Area in India
Background:
Anemia is a major nutritional health problem in India. It poses a significant threat to health due to a decrease in oxygen availability to the body. This predisposes the anemic individual to an increased risk of heart problems, stroke, motor or cognitive developmental delays, infections, and other disturbances. Some studies found a correlation between anemia and low IQ scores while others found no such correlation. The authors decided to perform this study to determine whether such a correlation exists in adolescents, a group that is susceptible to anemia.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study involving 28 school-going adolescents of an urban area in the age group of 12-15 years, selected by simple random sampling. Individuals with a prior diagnosis of a medical or psychiatric condition were excluded. After obtaining permission from school authorities, ethics committee approval, parental consent, and assent, participants were interviewed using pro forma. Hemoglobin estimation was done by using hemoglobin strips. Cognitive status examination was performed by using Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised, and Mini-Mental State Examination. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2010.
Results:
89% of the study population was anemic and 11% was non-anemic. The mean IQ score was 92.4; the mean ACE-R score was 84.2; the mean MMSE score was 26.6. Unpaired t-test was used to analyze the data; tests were done at a 5% significance level. The IQ score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 83.96 +/- 7.74. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s IQ score (p = 0.76). The ACE-R score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 84.04 +/- 7.84. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s ACE-R score (p = 0.70). The MMSE score +/- standard deviation (SD) in the anemic group was 26.48 +/- 1.66. This score did not reveal any statistically significant difference from the non-anemic group’s MMSE score (p = 0.125).
Conclusion:
The findings suggest that the average IQ, MMSE, and ACE-R scores are lower in the anemic group than in the non-anemic group. However, no statistically significant correlation between hemoglobin level and cognitive function was found in this study.
Key Words: Anemia, Intelligence, Cognition, Adolescent (Source: MeSH-NLM).
Figure or Table:
Comparison of cognitive status examination scores in anemic and normal groups
Parameter
Group
Mean
Standard Deviation (S.D.)
Standard Error of Mean
p-value by unpaired t-test
MMSE Score
Anemic
26.48
1.66
0.332
0.125
Normal
27.67
1.53
0.883
Intelligence Quotient
Anemic
87.22
5.97
1.19
0.76
Normal
93.02
4.93
2.85
ACE-R Score
Anemic
84.04
7.84
1.57
0.7
Normal
85.33
4.93
2.85
Components of ACE-R:
Attention & Orientation
Anemic
16.08
1.29
0.26
0.23
Normal
17
0
0
Memory
Anemic
20.32
4.18
0.84
0.26
Normal
17.67
4.62
2.67
Fluency
Anemic
9.4
2.38
0.48
0.16
Normal
11
0
0
Language
Anemic
23
1.96
0.39
0.16
Normal
24.67
0.58
0.33
Visuospatial
Anemic
15.16
1.25
0.25
0.82
Normal
15
0
0
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