确定消防队员自给式呼吸器保护作用时间的校正系数的推导

V. Lushch, O. Lazarenko, V. Loik, S. V. Voloshko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

根据法规要求和安全工作规则,每个在SСBA工作的消防员在气化和烟雾环境中工作时,都应该监控压力表的读数,并能够计算空气消耗量(氧气)和SCBA的工作时间。在气体和烟雾环境中计算工作时间时,要考虑的主要指标是控制进入SCBA的空气压力(氧气),在这种情况下,有必要出去呼吸新鲜空气;在气体和烟雾环境中工作的时间;预计返回新鲜空气的时间。空气的供应将直接取决于,首先是气缸的体积和工作压力,其次是消防员的工作条件和生理特征。由于根据规管规定的公式,在厘定消防队员在气化及烟熏环境下的平均工作时间时,并没有考虑到消防气瓶的容量,故工作的目的是厘定校正系数,而校正系数会考虑到这一点。考虑到乌克兰SES消防救援单位提供的SCBA,我们可以得出结论,在操作计算中,SCBA数量最多的是欧洲领先公司的SCBA,即Drager和MSA AUER。对气化、烟熏环境下消防员工作负荷的分析表明,50%是肺通气每分钟40升的平均重力度所对应的工作。对Drager和MSA AUER公司的SCBA技术特性的分析表明,在此SCBA中,相同性能的压力需求调节器为每分钟40升,工作压力P = 300巴。然而,不同容量的钢瓶分别为6,6.8,7升,这肯定会影响消防员工作所需的空气供应。消防安全,2019年第34期65因此,在两个公式中进行了SCBA环节消防员在气体和烟雾环境中的平均操作时间的计算。第一个-根据法规要求定义这样的计算,第二个-根据波伊尔-玛丽奥特定律,其中考虑到气缸容量,工作压力和空气消耗在中等负荷下,我们得到以下数据:对于6升容量的气缸,这种差异不显著(只有2分钟),这只是5%的误差,因此不需要对基本公式的修正系数;对于容量为6.8升的气缸,这种差异是显著的(7分钟),分别是误差的20%,建议引入校正系数+ 7分钟;对于7升的气缸,这个差异是显著的(8分钟),分别是误差的23%,建议为基本公式引入一个修正系数+ 8分钟。另外还提出,对于双缸设计的SCBA,如德拉格PSS-5000所提出的公式中,消防员在SCBA中的平均工作时间还要乘以2。因此,基于上述,在实际计算消防员在气化和烟熏环境中,使用6.8升和7升气瓶SCBA或双缸结构时的平均操作时间时,建议在基本公式中加入修正系数。然而,对于气缸容量为6升的SCBA,保持公式不变。在基本公式中加入校正因子,将使消防员单位能够在灭火、消除紧急情况及其后果、拯救人员和从气体和烟雾弥漫的房地撤离物资时安全地进行情报工作。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
THE REASONING OF CORRECTIVE COEFFICIENTS FOR DETERMINING THE TIME OF PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS FOR FIREFIGHTERS
According to regulatory requirements and rules of safety work, every firefighter who works in the SСBA while working in a gasified and smoke environment should monitor the readings of the pressure gauge and be able to calculate the air consumption (oxygen) and the duration of work in the SCBA. The main indicators that are taken into account during calculations of working time in gaseous and smoke environments are control pressure of air (oxygen) into the SCBA, in which it is necessary to go out to fresh air; working time in gassed and smoke environments; expected return time to fresh air. The supply of air will directly depend on, firstly, the volume of the cylinder (cylinders) and the working pressure, secondly from the working conditions and physiological features of the firefighter. Since, in determining the average work time of firefighters in SCBA in a gasified and smoked environment, according to the formula specified in the regulatory requirement, the capacity of the SCBA cylinder has not taken into account, the purpose of the work was to determine the correction coefficients, which would consider this. Considering the providing of fire rescue units of the SES of Ukraine with SCBA, we can conclude that the largest number of SCBA in the operative calculation, this is the SCBA of leading European firms, namely Drager and MSA AUER. The analysis of the load of the work of the firefighters in the gasified and smoked environment has shown that 50% is the work of the average degree of gravity corresponding to pulmonary ventilation of 40-liter per minute. Analysis of the technical characteristics of the SCBA of Drager and MSA AUER firms has shown that in this SCBA, the same performance of the pressure demand regulators 40-liter per minute and working pressure P = 300 bar. However, different capacities of cylinders 6, 6.8, 7 litres, respectively, which definitely affect the supply of air that is necessary for the work of the firefighter. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 65 Therefore, having performed the calculations of the average time of operation of the firefighters in SCBA link in the gassed and smoked environment in two formulas. The first one - according to the regulatory requirement defining such calculation, the second – according to Boyle–Mariotte law, which takes into account the cylinder capacity, working pressure and air consumption at medium load, we got the following data:  for cylinders of 6 l capacity, this difference is not significant (only 2 minutes), which is only 5% of the error, thus the correction coefficient to the base formula is not required;  for cylinders with a capacity of 6.8 litres this difference is significant (7 minutes) which is 20% of the error, respectively, the introduction of a correction coefficient + 7 minutes is proposed;  for cylinders of 7 litres, this difference is significant (8 minutes) which is 23% of the error, respectively, the introduction of a correction coefficient + 8 minutes is proposed for the base formula. Additionally is proposing, for SCBA of double-cylinder design, such as Drager PSS-5000 in the proposed formulas additionally average working time of the firefighters in the SCBA multiply by two. Thus, based on the above, in the practical calculations for the determination of the average time of operation of firefighters in a gasified and smoked environment, during using SCBA with cylinders of 6.8 and 7 litres, or a doublecylinder construction, it is proposed to apply correction coefficient to the base formula. However, for an SCBA with a cylinder capacity of 6 litres leave the formula unchanged. The introduction of the correction factors in the basic formula will enable firefighters units safely carry out intelligence during fire extinguishing, elimination of emergencies and their consequences, saving people and evacuation of material values from gassed and smoky premises.
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