糖尿病的类型、病理生理、表皮学及其全球负担研究进展

Sachin Rangrao Patil, A. B. Chavan, A. Patel, Pranjal Dhondiba Chavan, Jyoti Vilas Bhopale
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摘要

在全世界所有国家,肥胖和不健康生活方式的蔓延造成了与糖尿病相关的日益严重的疾病负担。根据最近的估计,2013年全球糖尿病患病率为3.82亿人,预计到2035年将大幅增加至5.92亿人。根据病因对糖尿病进行分类已经在科学界得到了广泛的认可。糖尿病有两种主要类型,即1型和2型。2型糖尿病是主要类型,占糖尿病总患病率的大多数比例(>85%)。这两种类型的糖尿病都有可能导致一系列影响身体系统的问题。这些并发症可以表现为微血管终点,如视网膜病变、肾病和神经病变,也可以表现为大血管终点,包括缺血性心脏病、中风和周围血管疾病。糖尿病是一个重大的公共卫生问题,因为它与过早发病、死亡、预期寿命缩短以及沉重的经济和社会负担有关。糖尿病是一种慢性代谢性疾病,具有异质性和复杂的病理生理特征。这种情况的特点是血液中葡萄糖含量增加,称为高血糖症,这是由于胰岛素的产生或胰岛素的有效性不正常,或两者兼而有之。传统上,糖尿病被分为三种不同的类型:1型糖尿病,也被称为胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM),其特征是身体不能产生胰岛素,需要通过注射或使用胰岛素泵来给药。这种情况在医学文献中通常被称为“青少年糖尿病”。2型糖尿病,又称非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(NIDDM),是由胰岛素抵抗引起的。这种情况发生在细胞无法有效利用胰岛素时,无论是否完全缺乏胰岛素。这种特殊的分类曾经被称为“成人发病型糖尿病”。第三种主要类型是妊娠糖尿病,当没有糖尿病病史的妇女在怀孕期间血糖水平升高时就会表现出来。它可能发生在2型糖尿病发病之前,这是合理的。本文探讨了与所讨论的主题相关的各种形式、病理生理学、流行病学和全球负担。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Review on Diabetes Mellitus its Types, Pathophysiology, Epidermiology and its Global Burden
The spread of obesity and unhealthy lifestyles has contributed to a significant and increasing disease burden associated with diabetes in all countries worldwide. According to recent estimates, the worldwide prevalence of diabetes in 2013 was recorded at 382 million individuals, with projections indicating a significant increase to 592 million by the year 2035. The categorization of diabetes based on its aetiology has gained widespread acceptance in the scientific community. There are two primary classifications of diabetes, namely type 1 and type 2. Type 2 diabetes is the predominant kind, constituting a majority proportion (>85%) of the overall prevalence of diabetes. Both types of diabetes have the potential to result in a range of problems affecting several bodily systems. These complications can manifest as microvascular endpoints such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, as well as macrovascular endpoints including ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetes is a significant public health concern because to its association with premature morbidity, death, diminished life expectancy, and substantial financial and societal burdens. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic illness characterised by heterogeneity and a complex pathophysiology. The condition is distinguished by increased amounts of glucose in the bloodstream, known as hyperglycemia, which arises from irregularities in either the production of insulin or the effectiveness of insulin, or both. Traditionally, diabetes has been classified into three distinct types: Type 1 DM, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), characterised by the body's inability to make insulin, necessitating the administration of insulin by injections or the use of an insulin pump. This condition is commonly referred to as "juvenile diabetes" in medical literature. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), arises due to the presence of insulin resistance. This condition occurs when cells are unable to effectively utilise insulin, either with or without a complete absence of insulin. This particular classification was once denoted as "adult-onset diabetes". The third primary category is gestational diabetes, which manifests when women who do not have a prior medical history of diabetes experience elevated levels of blood glucose throughout their pregnancy. It is plausible that it may occur prior to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This article explores the various forms, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and global burden associated with the topic under discussion.
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