Influence of Saline-treated Wastewater on Properties of Concrete: An Experimental Study

The rapidly growing world population and the accompanying increase in concrete production to meet building and infrastructure needs have led to significant increase in potable water consumption, which resulted in several environmental problems. This paper investigates the feasibility of replacing potable water with highly mineralized treated wastewater in concrete mixing in order to make concrete production more eco-friendly in an arid region. Concrete specimens were prepared using saline treated wastewater (saline-TWW) as mixing water and compared to those mixed with distilled water (DW) and with the performance requirements given by the mixing water quality standards. The results revealed that the concrete mixes produced using saline-TWW exhibited higher early strength and a similar long-term strength than the control mix produced using DW. It was also found that the use of saline-TWW increased the setting times of cement paste but had no remarkable effect on the workability of fresh concrete mixture. Furthermore, the microstructural characteristics of the hardened concrete were assessed by water-permeability test, SEM image analysis, and X-ray diffraction tests. The results revealed that saline-TWW concrete exhibited a more compact microstructure and smaller pore sizes than their counterparts of DW, which means an improvement in the durability of saline-TWW concrete. Moreover, an electrochemical test was conducted to estimate the extent of corrosion of the steel embedded in reinforced mortar specimens prepared using saline-TWW and DW. The electrochemical test results showed that the use of 100% saline-TWW as mixing water of concrete resulted in a high corrosion rate of the embedded steel.