人类与两种哺乳动物手部的比较解剖学研究

N. A. Aljalaud, Haifa M. Alkhaldi
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摘要

背景:在形态学上,不同种类的灵长类动物的肌肉骨骼模式有很大的相似性,尤其是手和手指的发育,以更好地适应环境。参与现代手进化的因素包括肌肉肌腱结构、形状、骨骼大小和关节表面。与其他物种相比,人类的手在功能上高度进化,具有快速和精细的技能活动的操纵潜力,特别是拇指和食指。目的:对狒狒、松鼠与人类的手部解剖结构进行比较研究。方法:选取沙特阿拉伯常见的两种哺乳动物狒狒和松鼠,以反映其不同的环境适应性。人的手是由解剖学系提供的。动物麻醉后,在麻醉科处死。用9%甲醛溶液固定,蔡司解剖显微镜下解剖双手,5%碘染色鉴定肌肉群,茜素红和阿利新蓝染色分别对骨骼和软骨进行染色,并用尼康D3200数码相机拍照。手分为四个部分:手腕、手背、手掌和手指。结果:人的手:手腕宽,骨头排列成两排,彼此滑动,可以在手上自由运动。背部脂肪层薄,皱纹多,毛发少。手掌皮肤厚,无毛,肌肉发达,排列成组(大鱼际、下鱼际、腰际和间际)。手指有伸肌腱和屈肌腱,直至中指骨和远指骨。拇指旋转提供反对和多轴运动。狒狒手:手腕短,骨头排成两排,但手头的动作较少。背部皱纹较少,毛发较多。手掌皮肤层很厚,尤其是位于手指下方的摩擦垫;肌肉是成组排列的,但与人类相比还没有完全发育。松鼠之手:小而紧密的尺寸,五个短的手指,尖,每个手指末端都有一个爪。皮肤很薄,覆盖着毛发。手掌很薄,但完全没有头发,有数字垫。指骨很短,所有的手指都有两个指骨。拇指只有一个指骨。结论:人类手部结构的进化是为了更好的握力和精细的手部运动,提供更好的功能和艺术能力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Hand of Human and Two Mammalian Species
Background: Morphologically there is a great similarity in the musculoskeletal pattern in different species of the primates especially the development of hands and digits for better functional adaptation to their environment. The factors involved in evolution of modern hand are muscle-tendon architecture, shape, size of bones and articular surfaces in joints. Human hand is functionally highly evolved with manipulative potential for fast and fine skilled activity especially in thumb and index finger as compared with other species. Aim: Present study was undertaken to compare the hand anatomy of the Baboon and Squirrel with the Human. Methods: Two commonly found mammals in Saudi Arabia i.e. Baboon and Squirrel were selected to reflect the different environmental adaptations. The human hands were provided by the Department of Anatomy. The animals were anesthetized, sacrificed at Anesthesia Department. Fixation done by 9% formaldehyde solution, hands dissected under Zeiss dissecting microscope, Muscle groups identified using 5% iodine stain, Bones and cartilages stained by Alizarin red and Alcian blue stain respectively and photographed (Nikon D3200 digital camera). The hand divided into four parts: Wrist, dorsum of hand, palm and fingers. Results: Human Hand: Wrist is wide, bones arranged in two rows gliding over each other for free movements at hand. Dorsum has thin fatty layer, more wrinkles and fewer hairs. Palm has thick skin without hair and well-developed muscles are arranged in groups (Thenar, Hypothenar, Lumbricals and Interossei). Digits have extensor and flexor tendons up to middle and distal phalanx. Thumb is rotated providing opposition and multiaxial movements. Baboon Hand: Wrist is short, bones arranged in two rows but fewer movements at hand. Dorsum has fewer wrinkles, more hairs. Palm skin has very thick layer, especially at friction pad located below fingers; muscles are arranged in groups but not fully developed as compared to human. Squirrel Hand: Small and close dimensions, five short fingers, pointed, every finger ends with a claw. The skin is thin, covered with hair. Palm is thin but completely free of hair with digital pad. Phalanges are short and all fingers have two phalanges. Thumb has only one phalanx. Conclusions: Human hand structure is evolved for better grip and fine movements of hand providing better functional and artistic capabilities.
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