Iterated inversion system: an algorithm for efficiently visualizing Kleinian groups and extending the possibilities of fractal art

Kleinian group theory is a branch of mathematics. A visualized Kleinian group often presents a beautiful fractal structure and provides clues for understanding Möbius transformations the mathematical properties of the group. However, it often takes much time to render images of Kleinian groups on a computer. Thus, we propose an efficient algorithm for visualizing some kinds of Kleinian groups: the Iterated Inversion System (IIS), which enables us to render images of Kleinian groups composed of inversions as circles or spheres in real-time. Real-time rendering has various applications; for example, the IIS can be used for experimentation in Kleinian group theory and the creation of mathematical art. The algorithm can also be used to draw both two-dimensional and three-dimensional fractals. The algorithm can extend the possibilities of art originating from Kleinian groups. In this paper, we discuss Kleinian fractals from an artistic viewpoint. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT