El conjunto de círculos pirenaicos de Ondarre en la Sierra de Aralar (Gipuzkoa): de monumento funerario a hito ganadero

espanolEn este articulo se presentan tres cromlechs excavados en la Sierra de Aralar. Ondarre I tiene un diametro de siete metros y esta conformado por 35 testigos. El tumulo de tierra tiene 45 cm de altura. En su zona central habia 4 losetas de caliza, y una pequena cubeta con huesos incinerados, pertenecientes a dos individuos y abundantes carbones. A seis metros de distancia esta Ondarre II, que tiene un diametro de 4,5 metros y conserva solo 15 de los testigos. En el sondeo se han localizado pequenas manchas de carbon en el centro y algun silex. El cromlech de Ondarre III tenia un diametro de unos 9 metros, pero esta muy incompleto, ya que conserva solo cuatro testigos. Junto a sus bases y en la zona central se hallaron carbones. Uno de ellos fue reutilizado como haustarri (hito ganadero), segun un documento del siglo XIX. Las fechas radiocarbonicas los situan en el Bronce Final. EuskaraAralarko Mendietan indusitako lehenengo hiru baratzeak aztertzen dira artikulu honetan. Ondarre I-ek 7 metroko diametroa du eta 35 lekukok eratzen dute. Tumuluak, lurrezkoa, 45 cm-ko altuera du. Bere erdialdean kareharrizko lau harlauzatxo eta bi gizabanakoei dagozkien giza hezur erraustuak eta ikatza zituen zulogune bat zegoen. Bertatik sei metrora Ondarre II dago, 4,5 metroko diametroa du eta soilik 15 lekuko kontserbatzen ditu. Zundaketan kimo-orban txikiak eta suharriren bat aurkitu ziren. Ondarre III harrespilak 9 metroko diametroa dauka, baina ez dago osorik, lau lekuko baino ez baititu kontserbatzen. Lekukoen oinarrian eta erdialdean ikatza aurkitu zen. Lekukoetako bat haustarri moduan berrerabilia izan zen, XIX. mendeko dokumentu batean agertzen den moduan. Datazio erradiokarbonikoen arabera, Azken Brontze Arokoa da. EnglishThe stone circle and the burial mound stone circles Ondarre I, II and III are three funerary structures related to cremation we excavated in the western side of the Aralar mountain range. They are the first testimony of cremation as funerary ritual we have to the west of the river Leitzaran (Gipuzkoa, Navarre), together with the stone circles we have excavated in Beaskin hilltop. Cremation funerary structures (such as baratze or stone circles or Pyrenean stone circles) are unknown or scarce in geological areas of the Pyrenees that not have hard lithology (for instance schist or granite), due to conservation problems and, consequently, it is difficult to identify them in areas with softer rocks as limestones. These structures have been dated to Late Bronze Age and Iron Age using radiocarbon dating. Ondarre I burial-mound stone circle has a diameter of 7 meters and 35 standing stones. Most of these standing stones are different varieties of limestone and only two are made of sandstone. The mound is built with soil and it is 45 cm thick. In the middle there were a small pit was burnt bones were placed, a wide carbonated stain and 4 limestone flagstones (possibly the broken parts of one original stone). Two individuals were identified from the small human bone bits retrieved. Among the charcoal fragments, Fraxinus is the most abundant species, followed by Fagus, Corylus and smaller testimonies of other trees like alder and maple. One of those charcoal fragments dated to 2740±30 BP and another one near the biggest standing stone 2830±30 BP. In the centre of the stone circle there was no evidence of funerary objects. Six meters far from Ondarre I, there is Ondarre II. The structure has a diameter of 4.5 meters and only 15 standing stones are preserved (all of them made of limestone). During the excavation small charcoal fragments were found and 260 of them were identified. Rosaceae are specially represented (pomoidea among them), followed by beech tree, birch, hazel tree and much fewer alder tree, Salix/Populus, ash, holly and deciduous Quercus species. One of the charcoal fragments dated to 2800±30 BP. Ondarre III stone circle had a diameter of 9 meters, but it was very badly preserved (we found only 4 standing stones made of limestone). At the bottom of the standing stones charcoal fragments were found and as well as coal stains in the centre of the circle, from which 61 small charcoal fragments were identified: Rosaceae, Fagus sylvatica, deciduous Quercus species and alder tree, willow or birch trees, and hazel trees. Some flint splinters were found and a pottery sherd, maybe from a non-preserved funerary urn. One of the charcoal fragments date to 2760±30 BP. The biggest standing stone of the circle was later reused as a shieling marking stone (haustarri or hausterretza), as appears in a 19th century map and previous written documents. These stones were used to mark the land in livestock breeding contexts. At the bottom of this standing stone there was a stain full of charcoal fragments (Corylus, Prunus tp. avium and Salix/Prunus were identified). This “hearth” dated to 2821±30 BP.