宗教工作者地位的宪法和法律监管

IF 0.3 Q3 LAW
I. A. Pibaev
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引用次数: 0

摘要

简介:宗教部长是一类特殊的人,往往具有特殊的地位,不仅受到宗教组织内部规范(如神圣文本中规定的那些)的规范,而且受到国家法律规则的规范。目的:分析联合国成员国的宪法规定和联邦国家组成实体的一些基本法律,找出宗教部长地位的宪法规定的特点、公式化和“宪法沉默”的原因。研究方法:主要采用比较法,对193个国家的宪法和法律进行交叉研究;采用系统化的方法,将作者确定的规范分类成组。结果:分析显示宪法文本的术语多样性;在研究有关问题时,建议使用“宗教部长”一词,因为它可以最大程度地涵盖这一类人。作者确定了反映宗教部长地位的六组规范:参与国家事务管理的规范;规范模糊了世俗和宗教规范之间的界限;确立神职人员特权的规范;确保宗教团体自治的规范;规范通过精神导师行使宗教自由;规范限制宗教牧师的民事法律行为能力和确定宗教仪式和圣礼的法律效力。该文件解释了为什么建立了一些“标准规范”,包括禁止宗教部长参与国家事务的管理。结语部分:揭示了宪法中神职人员规范的“宪法沉默”和定型化背后的原因,并提出了区分神职人员在宪法结构中的地位的途径。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ СТАТУСА РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ СЛУЖИТЕЛЕЙ
Introduction: religious ministers are a special category of persons, often having a special status regulated not only by internal norms of religious organizations (e.g. those provided in sacred texts) but also by legal rules of the state. Purpose: to analyze the provisions of the constitutions of the UN member states and a number of basic laws of the constituent entities of federal states, to identify the features of the constitutional regulation of the status of religious ministers, the reasons for etatization and ‘constitutional silence’. Methods: the research mainly relies on the comparative legal method, used when analyzing the constitutions and laws of 193 countries (cross-study); the systematization method was employed to develop the author's classification of the identified norms into groups. Results: the analysis showed a terminological diversity in the texts of the constitutions; when studying the issue in question, it is advisable to use the term ‘religious minister’ as it allows covering this category of persons to the greatest extent possible. The author has identified six groups of norms reflecting the status of religious ministers: the norms governing participation in the management of state affairs; norms blurring the boundaries between secular and religious regulation; norms establishing privileges for clerics; norms ensuring the autonomy of religious associations; norms that regulate the exercise of freedom of religion through spiritual mentors; norms limiting the civil legal capacity of religious ministers and determining the legal force of religious rites and sacraments. The paper explains why some ‘standard norms’ have been established, including those forbidding religious ministers from participation in the management of state affairs. Conclusion: the author reveals the reasons behind the ‘constitutional silence’ and etatization of the norms on religious ministers in the constitutions, and also offers the ways to differentiate the status of clerics in the structure of constitutions.
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