Clinical Presentation and Categorisation of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Cross-sectional Analysis of 1000 Outpatients in Eastern India

Introduction: Low back pain is one of the most common presenting symptom among patients seeking medical help, accounting for approximately 85% of the cases. It affects individuals of all age groups and genders. Predominantly back pain is non specific, lacking identifiable patho-anatomy, while a lesser-known type, specific low back pain, demonstrates identifiable aetiology and pathology. This poses a challenge for physicians, as they must not only determine the underlying cause but also formulate categorical treatments for Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP). Aim: To assess the prevalence of different types of CLBP based on clinical examination, past history, age, and gender in the overall population of the study. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, from August 2019 to July 2021. A total of 1,640 patients were examined in the orthopedics outpatient department, of which 1,000 patients aged between 20 and 60 years, with back pain lasting three months, were included in the study. All patients underwent a detailed clinical evaluation, including history and physical examination. The final type of CLBP was determined based on the predominant symptom. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 1.23:1, and the average age was 43.1 years. The most common type of CLBP was neuropathic (n=473, 47.3%), followed by discogenic CLBP (n=255, 25.5%). The least common type was coccydynia (n=4, 0.4%). Facetogenic CLBP had the highest average age of presentation (57.3 years), while postural CLBP had the lowest average age (29.6 years). Conclusion: Neuropathic CLBP was the most common type, followed by discogenic CLBP, with sacroiliitis and coccydynia being less common. Detailed clinical evaluation aids in classifying different types of CLBP, which can help avoid unnecessary investigations, except for the neuropathic type and, to some extent, instability CLBP.