采购产品脂肪族硝基,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐化合物

C. Doepker
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引用次数: 1

摘要

虽然脂肪族硝基化合物、脂肪族硝酸盐和脂肪族亚硝酸盐有几个共同的特征(氮氧分组、爆炸性、高铁血红蛋白形成),但它们的毒性作用有显著差异。总结了它们的一些特性。硝酸和亚硝酸的酯,其中的氮通过氧与碳相连,在药理作用上非常相似。两者都产生高铁血红蛋白血症和血管扩张,并伴有低血压和头痛。这些影响是暂时的。这一系列都没有明显的刺激性。动物只有在高水平暴露后才会发生病理变化,而且通常是非特异性和可逆的。单能和低多能醇的硝酸酯通过皮肤吸收。没有关于烷基亚硝酸盐皮肤吸收的资料。这两组的成员都能很好地从粘膜和肺部吸收。在硝酸盐中观察到亨氏体的形成,而在亚硝酸盐中没有观察到。硝基化合物,如硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,会导致动物高铁血红蛋白血症。亨氏体的形成在系列中与此活动相似。虽然一些成员被代谢为硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,但对血压和呼吸没有显著影响。与低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐一样,动物在急性暴露时也会出现麻醉症状,但这些症状发生较晚。其主要作用是刺激皮肤、粘膜和呼吸道。这在氯化的硝基石蜡和硝基烯烃中最为明显。除呼吸道损伤外,肝脏和肾脏也可观察到细胞损伤。除硝基烯烃外,皮肤吸收可忽略不计。硝胺具有完全不同的活性。RDX对人类和动物都有惊厥作用。反复给药后,皮肤吸收、刺激、血管舒张、高铁血红蛋白的形成和永久性病理损伤要么不明显,要么不存在。短暂性疾病与这些材料的工业使用或制造有关,但死亡和慢性中毒并不常见。每个组的一些成员都有极高的火灾和爆炸危险。关键词:脂肪族硝基化合物;脂肪族硝酸盐;脂肪族亚硝酸盐;Nitroolefins;烷基亚硝酸盐
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Aliphatic Nitro, Nitrate, And Nitrite Compounds
Although aliphatic nitro compounds, aliphatic nitrates, and aliphatic nitrites have several features in common (nitrogen-oxygen grouping, explosiveness, methemoglobin formation), there are significant differences in their toxic effects. Some of their attributes are summarized. The esters of nitric and nitrous acid, whose nitrogen is linked to carbon through oxygen, are very similar in their pharmacological effects. Both produce methemoglobinemia and vascular dilatation with hypotension and headache. These effects are transient. None of the series has appreciable irritant properties. Pathological changes occur in animals only after high levels of exposure and are generally nonspecific and reversible. The nitric acid esters of the monofunctional and lower polyfunctional alcohols are absorbed through the skin. Information is not available on the skin absorption of alkyl nitrites. Members of both groups are well absorbed from the mucous membranes and lungs. Heinz body formation has been observed with the nitrates but not with the nitrites. Nitro compounds, like nitrates and nitrites, cause methemoglobinemia in animals. Heinz body formation parallels this activity within the series. Although some members are metabolized to nitrate and nitrite, there is no significant effect on blood pressure or respiration. As with the lower nitrates and nitrites, anesthetic symptoms are observed in animals during acute exposures, but these occur late. The prominent effect is irritation of the skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. This is most marked with chlorinated nitroparaffins and nitroolefins. In addition to respiratory tract injury, cellular damage may be observed in the liver and kidneys. Skin absorption is negligible except for the nitroolefins. The nitramines have entirely different activity. RDX is a convulsant for humans and animals. Skin absorption, irritation, vasodilatation, methemoglobin formation, and permanent pathological damage are either insignificant or absent after repeated doses. Transient illness has been associated with the industrial use or manufacture of these materials, but fatalities and chronic intoxication have been uncommon. Some members of each group present extremely high fire and explosion hazards. Keywords: Aliphatic nitro compounds; Aliphatic nitrates; Aliphatic nitrites; Nitroolefins; Alkyl nitrites
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