白云鄂博稀土开采外部性评价

B. Zhou, Zhongxue Li, Yiqing Zhao
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引用次数: 2

摘要

稀土元素是一种具有优异光学、电学和磁学性能的新型材料,在高新技术和绿色能源产业的发展中发挥着重要作用。稀土储量丰富,稀土元素种类繁多,近年来中国稀土产业发展迅速。然而,与稀土开采相关的环境问题严重制约了中国稀土产业的可持续发展。目前,国内外关于稀土资源开发外部性的研究文献非常有限,特别是在国内。建立了基于生命周期评价的评价模型,估算了白云鄂博稀土资源开发的外部成本。结果表明,2013年白云鄂博生产1公吨稀土氧化物的外部成本为34739元,废气、废水、放射性物质、稀土资源枯竭和土地占用的外部成本分别为14945元、12515元、1400元、3199元和2680元。废气和废水约占总外部成本的79%。外部成本的内部化将使北方稀土(集团)的财务利润减少18%。本研究只考虑了那些市场价值可以估计的外部性,因此巴彦奥博稀土开采的外部成本可能被低估。研究结果填补了文献的空白,为进一步了解稀土资源开发的外部成本提供了依据。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Evaluation of Externalities Associated with Rare Earth Exploitation at Bayan Obo
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a kind of new materials which have excellent optical, electrical and magnetic properties, and they play an important role in the development of high technology and green energy industries. With abundant reserves and a wide range of REE type, rare earth industry has a rapid development in China in recent years. However, environmental issues associated with REE exploitation have severely restricted the sustainable development of rare earth industry in China. At present, literatures on the externalities of REE exploitation are very limited, especially in China. This paper builds an evaluation model based on life cycle evaluation to estimate the external costs of REE exploitation at Bayan Obo. The results show that the external costs for producing one metric tonne of rare earth oxides (REO) in Bayan Obo was CNY 34739 in 2013, the external costs of waste gas, waste water, radioactive substance, REE resource depletion, and land occupation are CNY 14945, 12515, 1400, 3199, and 2680, respectively. Waste gas and water constitute about 79% of the total external costs. The internalization of the external costs would reduce the financial profit of Northern Rare Earth (Group) by 18%. This study has taken into account only those externalities whose market values can be estimated, and therefore the external costs of REE exploitation in Bayan Obo is likely to be underestimated. The results fill the gap in literature and provide further understanding on the external cost of REE exploitation.
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