基于脑电图生物反馈的自闭症儿童发育矫正方法

D. Pavlenko, E. Chuyan, V. Pavlenko
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引用次数: 1

摘要

本文概述了基于脑电图生物反馈(神经反馈)的自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童纠正方法的科学工作。根据世界卫生组织的数据,目前每160名儿童中就有1名被诊断患有自闭症谱系障碍。2018年,俄罗斯约有0.1%的儿童患有自闭症。此外,这种疾病的发病率每年都在增加。遗传疾病是最可能导致自闭症的原因。69个基因的功能障碍极有可能导致自闭症。这些基因大多是多效性的。它们影响神经细胞的增殖、分化和迁移,影响轴突的生长和突触的发生,影响神经递质的合成及其受体的发育。在环境和病原体的影响下,一些参与ASD发展的基因发生表观遗传修饰。ASD发病的关键可能是突触修剪过程的破坏。修剪是必要的,以减少冗余的连接,提高中枢神经系统的效率。在此基础上,研究人员提出了一个假设,解释了ASD的症状是由于大脑结构和功能连接的破坏。这种干扰很可能导致脑镜像系统(BMS)功能异常。脑突触组织紊乱与认知、情绪和行为测试指标、脑电图特征相关。对多个EEG频率范围的相位相干性研究表明,ASD患者存在全局低连通性和局部超连通性。mu节律不受抑制或不同步可能表明BMS功能失常。孩子的大脑可塑性很强。因此,早期矫正干预可以改善自闭症儿童的发育结果。现代研究证明了有效应用神经反馈矫正疾病的可能性。其中一个策略是使用神经反馈训练来减少自闭症儿童的焦虑。另一种策略旨在调节脑电图信号的相干性。研究人员认为最有希望的策略是使用神经反馈来学习mu节奏调节。这种神经反馈方案会影响脑脊髓炎的功能。根据研究结果,经神经反馈训练后,建立了按mu节律的脑功能连通性归一化。这方面的进一步研究可以成为治疗ASD最有效方法的基础。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
METHODS FOR CORRECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM BASED ON BIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK BY EEG
The article provides an overview of scientific works devoted to methods of correcting the development of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) based on EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback). According to the World Health Organization, one in 160 children are currently diagnosed with ASD. In 2018, about 0.1 % of the child population in Russia suffered from autism. Moreover, the incidence of the disease is increasing every year. Genetic disorders are the most likely cause of ASD. Dysfunctions of 69 genes are highly likely to cause ASD. Most of these genes are pleiotropic. They affect the proliferation, differentiation and migration of nerve cells, the growth of axons and synaptogenesis, the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the development of receptors for them. Several genes involved in the development of ASD undergo epigenetic modifications under the influence of the environment and pathogens. The key in the onset of ASD is probably a violation of the synaptic pruning process. Pruning is necessary to reduce redundant connections and improve the efficiency of the central nervous system. Based on this, the researchers put forward a hypothesis explaining the symptoms of ASD as a result of a violation of structural and functional brain connectivity. Such disturbances are likely to cause abnormalities in the functioning of the brain mirror system (BMS). Disorders of the synaptic organization of the brain correlate with indicators of cognitive, emotional and behavioral tests, EEG characteristics. The study of phase coherence in several EEG frequency ranges demonstrated the presence of global hypo- and local hyper-connectivity in patients with ASD. The absence of suppression or desynchronization of the mu rhythm may indicate a malfunction of the BMS. The child’s brain is highly plastic. Therefore, early corrective intervention can improve the developmental outcomes of a child with ASD. Modern research demonstrates the possibility of effective application of neurofeedback for the correction of the disease. One of the strategies is the use of neurofeedback trainings to reduce anxiety in children with ASD. Another strategy is aimed at regulating the coherence of EEG signals. Researchers consider the most promising strategy for learning mu rhythm modulation using neurofeedback. This neurofeedback protocol affects the functioning of the BMS. According to the research results, after the neurofeedback trainings, the normalization of the functional cerebral connectivity according to the mu rhythm was established. Further research in this direction can become the basis for the most effective methods of treating ASD.
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