集中度、多样性和制造绩效

J. Drucker
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引用次数: 2

摘要

区域经济学家本杰明·奇尼茨(Benjamin Chinitz)是“区域产业结构是经济表现的重要决定因素”这一观点最成功的支持者之一。1961年,他在《美国经济评论》(American Economic Review)上发表了一篇颇具影响力的文章,引发了大量研究,以区域尺度衡量产业结构,并考察其与经济结果的关系。这项工作的相当一部分将区域工业结构的概念化为部门多样性,即经济的组成在不同的活动中分散的程度。多样性是一个相对简单的概念,可以衡量和解释,但并不能完全捕捉奇尼茨思想的含义。区域产业内部的结构也会影响企业的绩效。特别是,除了个别案例研究之外,区域内的产业集中度——一个产业被几个相对较大的企业主导的程度——还没有出现在研究经济表现的实证工作中,主要是因为准确衡量一个区域产业内的集中度需要企业层面的信息。在一个特定地区,不同规模的多个机构可能是同一公司的一部分。因此,关于企业规模分布的二手数据来源(如县商业模式或来自制造业普查的汇总信息)只能对区域工业集中度的水平产生欺骗性的描述。本文利用美国人口普查局编制的企业层面数据集——纵向研究数据库,比较了产业多样性和产业内集中度对区域和企业层面经济结果的影响。将制造业机构汇总为企业,并在多个产业聚集水平上计算区域产业集中度的若干指标。这些集中度指标与区域部门多样性措施一起,与一段时间内的就业变化有关,并纳入工厂生产率估计,以便审查和区分区域工业结构不同方面与经济绩效之间的关系。更好地了解区域工业结构与经济绩效之间的特殊联系可以用来改进经济发展规划工作。随着美国和全世界持续的经济结构调整和相关的劳动力错位,工业集中和过度专业化是不同的机制,通过这些机制,各地区可能“锁定”特定的能力,并限制迅速有效地适应不断变化的市场和技术的能力。提高经济适应性的最适当和最有效的政策应反映限制灵活性的结构特征。本文衡量了区域产业结构的不同方面的后果,为经济发展规划者和研究者对区域产业的研究增加了新的深度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Concentration, Diversity, and Manufacturing Performance
Regional economist Benjamin Chinitz was one of the most successful proponents of the idea that regional industrial structure is an important determinant of economic performance. His influential article in the American Economic Review in 1961 prompted substantial research measuring industrial structure at the regional scale and examining its relationships to economic outcomes. A considerable portion of this work operationalized the concept of regional industrial structure as sectoral diversity, the degree to which the composition of an economy is spread across heterogeneous activities. Diversity is a relatively simple construct to measure and interpret, but does not capture the implications of Chinitz’s ideas fully. The structure within regional industries may also influence the performance of business enterprises. In particular, regional intra-industry concentration—the extent to which an industry is dominated by a few relatively large firms in a locality—has not appeared in empirical work studying economic performance apart from individual case studies, principally because accurately measuring concentration within a regional industry requires firm-level information. Multiple establishments of varying sizes in a given locality may be part of the same firm. Therefore, secondary data sources on establishment size distributions (such as County Business Patterns or aggregated information from the Census of Manufactures) can yield only deceptive portrayals of the level of regional industrial concentration. This paper uses the Longitudinal Research Database, a confidential establishment-level dataset compiled by the United States Census Bureau, to compare the influences of industrial diversity and intra-industry concentration upon regional and firm-level economic outcomes. Manufacturing establishments are aggregated into firms and several indicators of regional industrial concentration are calculated at multiple levels of industrial aggregation. These concentration indicators, along with a regional sectoral diversity measure, are related to employment change over time and incorporated into plant productivity estimations, in order to examine and distinguish the relationships between the differing aspects of regional industrial structure and economic performance. A better understanding of the particular links between regional industrial structure and economic performance can be used to improve economic development planning efforts. With continuing economic restructuring and associated workforce dislocation in the United States and worldwide, industrial concentration and over-specialization are separate mechanisms by which regions may “lock in” to particular competencies and limit the capacity to adjust quickly and efficiently to changing markets and technologies. The most appropriate and effective policies for improving economic adaptability should reflect the structural characteristics that limit flexibility. This paper gauges the consequences of distinct facets of regional industrial structure, adding new depth to the study of regional industries by economic development planners and researchers.
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