{"title":"美国环境政策牛津手册","authors":"S. Kamieniecki, M. Kraft","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199744671.001.0001","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the Nixon administration, environmental policy in the United States was rudimentary at best. Since then, it has evolved into one of the primary concerns of governmental policy from the federal to the local level. As scientific expertise on the environment rapidly developed, Americans became more aware of the growing environmental crisis that surrounded them. Practical solutions for mitigating various aspects of the crisis - air pollution, water pollution, chemical waste dumping, strip mining, and later global warming - became politically popular, and the government responded by gradually erecting a vast regulatory apparatus to address the issue. Today, politicians regard environmental policy as one of the most pressing issues they face. 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This is a topic that will only grow in importance in the coming years, and this handbook serves as an authoritative guide to any scholar interested in the issue. Contributors to this volume - Richard N. L. Andrews is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Policy in the Department of Public Policy and in the Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering of the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. William Ascher is Professor of Government and Economics, Claremont McKenna College. Walter F. Baber is Professor and Director of the Graduate Center for Public Policy and Administration, California State University, Long Beach. Robert V. Bartlett is Gund Professor of Liberal Arts in the Political Science Department, University of Vermont. Amy Below is Associate Professor of Political Science in the School of Public Policy, Oregon State University. Lori S. Bennear is Assistant Professor of Environmental Economics and Policy in the Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University. Christopher J. Bosso is Professor of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University. Cary Coglianese is the Edward B. Shils Professor of Law, Professor of Political Science, and Director of the Penn Program on Regulation, University of Pennsylvania. Steven Cohen is the Executive Director of The Earth Institute, Professor in the Practice of Public Affairs, Director of Master of Public Administration Program in Environmental Science and Policy & Energy and Environmental Policy Concentration in the School of International and Public Affairs, and Director of the Master of Science in Sustainability Management in the School of Continuing Education, Columbia University. Dorothy M. Daley is Professor in the School of Public Affairs and Administration and in the Environmental Studies Program, University of Kansas. David P. Daniels is a Ph.D. candidate at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. Elizabeth R. DeSombre is Frost Professor of Environmental Studies and Director of the Environmental Studies Program, Wellesley College. Timothy P. Duane is Associate Professor of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Visiting Professor of Law, University of San Diego. Robert J. Duffy is Professor of Political Science, Colorado State University. Daniel J. Fiorino is Director of the Center for Environmental Policy in the School of Public Affairs, American University. Scott R. Furlong is Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Professor of Public and Environmental Affairs and Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Andrea K. Gerlak is Director of Academic Development with the International Studies Association, Visiting Professor in the Department of Political Science, and Senior Policy Associate with the Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona. Deborah Lynn Guber is Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Vermont. Tanya Heikkila is Associate Professor, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver. Lamont C. Hempel is Hedco Professor of Environmental Studies, University of Redlands. Sheldon Kamieniecki is the Dean of the Division of Social Sciences and Professor of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz. Michael E. Kraft is the Herbert Fisk Johnson Professor of Environmental Studies Emeritus and Professor Emeritus, Political Science and Public and Environmental Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Jon A. Krosnick is Professor of Political Science, Communication, and Psychology, Frederic O. Glover Professor in Humanities and Social Sciences, and Senior Fellow at Woods Institute, Stanford University. Judith A. Layzer is Professor of Environmental Policy in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mark Lubell is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis. Richard A. Matthew is Professor of Environmental Politics and International Relations in the Schools of Social Ecology and Social Science and Director of the Center for Unconventional Security Affairs, University of California, Irvine. Daniel A. Mazmanian is Professor and Bedrosian Chair in Governance and the Director of the Judith and John Bedrosian Center on Governance and the Public Enterprise, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Laurie Kaye Nijaki is a Provost Fellow in the Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Sheila M. Olmstead is Associate Professor at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, and a Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Kate O'Neill is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley. Robert C. Paehlke is Professor Emeritus of Political Studies and Environmental and Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Sara R. Rinfret is Assistant Professor at the University of Montana, Department of Political Science. Walter A. Rosenbaum is Director Emeritus, Bob Graham Center for Public Service, University of Florida, and Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, University of Florida. Denise Scheberle is Clinical Professor, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado-Denver. Alexis Schulman is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Henrik Selin is Associate Professor in the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University. Toddi A. Steelman is Executive Director and Professor, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan. Lawrence Susskind is Ford Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Vice-Chair of the Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School. Craig W. Thomas is Professor of Public Affairs at the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington. Michael P. Tichy is the Urgent Care Program Manager, Southeast Incorporated, Columbus, Ohio. Trevor Tompson is the Global Director of Polling for the Associated Press. Stacy D. VanDeveer is Professor of Political Science, University of New Hampshire, and 2011-2012 Senior Fellow, Transatlantic Academy, German Marshall Fund of the United States. Norman J. 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引用次数: 28
摘要
在尼克松政府之前,美国的环境政策充其量只是初步的。从那时起,它已经发展成为从联邦到地方一级政府政策的主要关注点之一。随着环境科学专业知识的迅速发展,美国人越来越意识到他们周围日益严重的环境危机。缓解危机的各个方面——空气污染、水污染、化学废物倾倒、露天采矿以及后来的全球变暖——的实际解决方案在政治上受到欢迎,政府的回应是逐步建立一个庞大的监管机构来解决这个问题。如今,政治家们把环境政策视为他们面临的最紧迫的问题之一。奥巴马政府已将可再生能源部门确定为经济增长的关键驱动力,国会正在通过一项减少全球变暖的法案,这将是几十年来最重要的环境政策法案之一。《牛津美国环境政策手册》是一本关于美国环境政策各个方面的最先进的著作。在过去的半个世纪里,美国一直是全球最大的温室气体排放国。然而,环境政策不仅仅是一个国家问题。这是一个全球性问题,中国和印度等亚洲国家的爆炸性增长意味着,政策必须在国际层面进行协调。因此,这本书不仅关注美国,而且关注全球政策和问题对美国监管努力的日益重要的影响。这是一个在未来几年只会变得越来越重要的话题,这本手册可以作为对这个问题感兴趣的学者的权威指南。理查德·n·l·安德鲁斯(Richard N. L. Andrews)是北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校吉林斯全球公共卫生学院公共政策系和环境科学与工程系环境政策名誉教授。威廉·阿舍尔是克莱蒙特·麦肯纳学院政府与经济学教授。Walter F. Baber是长滩加州州立大学公共政策与管理研究生中心的教授和主任。Robert V. Bartlett是佛蒙特大学政治科学系的文科教授。Amy Below是俄勒冈州立大学公共政策学院政治学副教授。洛里·s·本尼尔,杜克大学尼古拉斯环境学院环境经济与政策助理教授。克里斯托弗·j·博索,东北大学公共政策与城市事务教授。Cary Coglianese是宾夕法尼亚大学Edward B. Shils法学教授、政治学教授和宾夕法尼亚大学监管项目主任。史蒂芬·科恩,地球研究所执行主任,公共事务实践教授,哥伦比亚大学国际与公共事务学院环境科学与政策与能源与环境政策公共管理硕士项目主任,哥伦比亚大学继续教育学院可持续发展管理硕士项目主任。多萝西·m·戴利,堪萨斯大学公共事务与管理学院及环境研究项目教授。大卫·p·丹尼尔斯是斯坦福大学商学院的博士候选人。Elizabeth R. DeSombre是韦尔斯利学院环境研究弗罗斯特教授和环境研究项目主任。蒂莫西·杜安,加州大学圣克鲁兹分校环境研究副教授,圣地亚哥大学法学客座教授。罗伯特·j·达菲是科罗拉多州立大学政治学教授。Daniel J. Fiorino是美国大学公共事务学院环境政策中心主任。斯科特·r·弗隆是威斯康星大学绿湾分校文理学院院长、公共与环境事务与政治学教授。Andrea K. Gerlak是国际研究协会学术发展主任,政治学系客座教授,亚利桑那大学尤德尔公共政策研究中心高级政策助理。Deborah Lynn Guber是佛蒙特大学政治学副教授。Tanya Heikkila是丹佛科罗拉多大学公共事务学院副教授。拉蒙特·c·亨佩尔是雷德兰兹大学环境研究海德科教授。Sheldon Kamieniecki是加州大学圣克鲁斯分校社会科学系主任和环境研究教授。迈克尔·E。 克拉夫特是威斯康星大学绿湾分校赫伯特·菲斯克·约翰逊环境研究名誉教授和政治学、公共与环境事务名誉教授。Jon A. Krosnick是斯坦福大学政治学、传播学和心理学教授,Frederic O. Glover人文与社会科学教授,伍兹研究所高级研究员。Judith A. Layzer,麻省理工学院城市研究与规划系环境政策教授。Mark Lubell是加州大学戴维斯分校环境科学与政策系教授。理查德·a·马修,加州大学欧文分校社会生态与社会科学学院环境政治与国际关系教授,非传统安全事务中心主任。Daniel A. Mazmanian是南加州大学索尔·普赖斯公共政策学院的教授和Bedrosian治理主席,朱迪思和约翰·Bedrosian治理和公共企业中心主任。Laurie Kaye Nijaki是南加州大学索尔·普赖斯公共政策学院的教务长研究员。希拉·m·奥姆斯特德,得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校林登·约翰逊公共事务学院副教授,华盛顿特区未来资源研究所访问学者。凯特·奥尼尔,加州大学伯克利分校环境科学、政策与管理系副教授。Robert C. Paehlke,加拿大安大略省彼得伯勒市特伦特大学政治研究和环境与资源研究荣誉教授。Sara R. Rinfret是蒙大拿大学政治科学系的助理教授。Walter A. Rosenbaum,佛罗里达大学鲍勃·格雷厄姆公共服务中心名誉主任,佛罗里达大学名誉政治学教授。Denise Scheberle是科罗拉多大学丹佛分校公共事务学院临床教授。亚历克西斯·舒尔曼是麻省理工学院城市研究与规划系的博士候选人。Henrik Selin是波士顿大学弗雷德里克·s·帕迪全球研究学院的副教授。Toddi A. Steelman是萨斯喀彻温大学环境与可持续发展学院的执行董事兼教授。劳伦斯·萨斯金德,麻省理工学院城市与环境规划福特教授,哈佛大学法学院谈判项目副主席。克雷格·托马斯,华盛顿大学丹尼尔·埃文斯公共事务学院公共事务教授。Michael P. Tichy是俄亥俄州哥伦布市东南公司的紧急护理项目经理。特雷弗·汤普森(Trevor thompson)是美联社全球民意调查主任。Stacy D. VanDeveer,新罕布什尔大学政治学教授,美国德国马歇尔基金会跨大西洋学院2011-2012高级研究员。Norman J. Vig is Winifred和Atherton Bean科学、技术和社会荣誉教授,卡尔顿学院。
Prior to the Nixon administration, environmental policy in the United States was rudimentary at best. Since then, it has evolved into one of the primary concerns of governmental policy from the federal to the local level. As scientific expertise on the environment rapidly developed, Americans became more aware of the growing environmental crisis that surrounded them. Practical solutions for mitigating various aspects of the crisis - air pollution, water pollution, chemical waste dumping, strip mining, and later global warming - became politically popular, and the government responded by gradually erecting a vast regulatory apparatus to address the issue. Today, politicians regard environmental policy as one of the most pressing issues they face. The Obama administration has identified the renewable energy sector as a key driver of economic growth, and Congress is in the process of passing a bill to reduce global warming that will be one of the most important environmental policy acts in decades. The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy is a state-of-the-art work on all aspects of environmental policy in America. Over the past half century, America has been the world's leading emitter of global warming gases. However, environmental policy is not simply a national issue. It is a global issue, and the explosive growth of Asian countries like China and India mean that policy will have to be coordinated at the international level. The book therefore focuses not only on the U.S., but on the increasing importance of global policies and issues on American regulatory efforts. This is a topic that will only grow in importance in the coming years, and this handbook serves as an authoritative guide to any scholar interested in the issue. Contributors to this volume - Richard N. L. Andrews is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Policy in the Department of Public Policy and in the Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering of the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. William Ascher is Professor of Government and Economics, Claremont McKenna College. Walter F. Baber is Professor and Director of the Graduate Center for Public Policy and Administration, California State University, Long Beach. Robert V. Bartlett is Gund Professor of Liberal Arts in the Political Science Department, University of Vermont. Amy Below is Associate Professor of Political Science in the School of Public Policy, Oregon State University. Lori S. Bennear is Assistant Professor of Environmental Economics and Policy in the Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University. Christopher J. Bosso is Professor of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University. Cary Coglianese is the Edward B. Shils Professor of Law, Professor of Political Science, and Director of the Penn Program on Regulation, University of Pennsylvania. Steven Cohen is the Executive Director of The Earth Institute, Professor in the Practice of Public Affairs, Director of Master of Public Administration Program in Environmental Science and Policy & Energy and Environmental Policy Concentration in the School of International and Public Affairs, and Director of the Master of Science in Sustainability Management in the School of Continuing Education, Columbia University. Dorothy M. Daley is Professor in the School of Public Affairs and Administration and in the Environmental Studies Program, University of Kansas. David P. Daniels is a Ph.D. candidate at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. Elizabeth R. DeSombre is Frost Professor of Environmental Studies and Director of the Environmental Studies Program, Wellesley College. Timothy P. Duane is Associate Professor of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, and Visiting Professor of Law, University of San Diego. Robert J. Duffy is Professor of Political Science, Colorado State University. Daniel J. Fiorino is Director of the Center for Environmental Policy in the School of Public Affairs, American University. Scott R. Furlong is Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Professor of Public and Environmental Affairs and Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Andrea K. Gerlak is Director of Academic Development with the International Studies Association, Visiting Professor in the Department of Political Science, and Senior Policy Associate with the Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona. Deborah Lynn Guber is Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Vermont. Tanya Heikkila is Associate Professor, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado at Denver. Lamont C. Hempel is Hedco Professor of Environmental Studies, University of Redlands. Sheldon Kamieniecki is the Dean of the Division of Social Sciences and Professor of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz. Michael E. Kraft is the Herbert Fisk Johnson Professor of Environmental Studies Emeritus and Professor Emeritus, Political Science and Public and Environmental Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Jon A. Krosnick is Professor of Political Science, Communication, and Psychology, Frederic O. Glover Professor in Humanities and Social Sciences, and Senior Fellow at Woods Institute, Stanford University. Judith A. Layzer is Professor of Environmental Policy in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mark Lubell is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis. Richard A. Matthew is Professor of Environmental Politics and International Relations in the Schools of Social Ecology and Social Science and Director of the Center for Unconventional Security Affairs, University of California, Irvine. Daniel A. Mazmanian is Professor and Bedrosian Chair in Governance and the Director of the Judith and John Bedrosian Center on Governance and the Public Enterprise, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Laurie Kaye Nijaki is a Provost Fellow in the Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Sheila M. Olmstead is Associate Professor at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, and a Visiting Fellow at Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Kate O'Neill is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley. Robert C. Paehlke is Professor Emeritus of Political Studies and Environmental and Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Sara R. Rinfret is Assistant Professor at the University of Montana, Department of Political Science. Walter A. Rosenbaum is Director Emeritus, Bob Graham Center for Public Service, University of Florida, and Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, University of Florida. Denise Scheberle is Clinical Professor, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado-Denver. Alexis Schulman is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Henrik Selin is Associate Professor in the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University. Toddi A. Steelman is Executive Director and Professor, School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan. Lawrence Susskind is Ford Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Vice-Chair of the Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School. Craig W. Thomas is Professor of Public Affairs at the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington. Michael P. Tichy is the Urgent Care Program Manager, Southeast Incorporated, Columbus, Ohio. Trevor Tompson is the Global Director of Polling for the Associated Press. Stacy D. VanDeveer is Professor of Political Science, University of New Hampshire, and 2011-2012 Senior Fellow, Transatlantic Academy, German Marshall Fund of the United States. Norman J. Vig is Winifred and Atherton Bean Professor of Science, Technology and Society, Emeritus, Carleton College.