Threat detection, identification, and optical counter measures for space-based applications

The field of Space Situational Awareness (SSA) has seen increasing interest in recent years. As SSA is covering a wide range of applications, the activities are categorized in three main areas: space weather, near-earth objects and Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST). The latter one is covering active and inactive satellites and other man-made objects orbiting Earth. Consequently there are activities focusing on debris and inactive satellites on one hand, which can be seen as maintenance activities allowing humankind long-term access to space. On the other hand, SST covering active satellites is in principle a safety measure for space-based missions. Key words that arise in this context are detection, tracking and identification. These are the key ingredients for in-orbit threat detection. When these ingredients are mastered and dedicated solutions are developed, there is only a small step to go using the gained knowledge and same abilities to perform optical countermeasures. At Jena-Optronik GmbH, we already have a variety of sensors for specific applications in the field of SST available. Our product range covers visible cameras, LiDARs and specific laser detection sensors. Consequently, we recently started increasing our activity in SST to develop dedicated solutions tailored to the specific needs of this application field. Currently, a thermal infrared camera is in development and furthermore we plan to combine all necessary sensors for SST of active satellites in a dedicated SST sensor suite. This suite contains a control electronics unit, which combines all data from the connected sensors to form one dataset that covers the satellite surrounding volume and identifies incoming threats. In a next step active sensors can be used to follow incoming threats and hinder them from observing the satellite with the SST sensor suite and in particular its other payloads. This paper will provide an introduction into the topic. It will cover an overview of the concepts and needs for different sensors forming a SST sensor suite. Furthermore, the latest advances in our developments are presented and future steps and activities as well as sensors are motivated.