13. Ombudsmen

This chapter examines ombudsmen and other forms of investigation of the working of government, and the ways in which they can resolve disputes and improve administration. The ombudsmen’s role has four key features: (1) it is independent; (2) it investigates a complaint; (3) it looks for injustice caused by maladministration; and (4) it makes a report. The chapter explains the ombudsman process, the Parliamentary Ombudsman, local government ombudsmen, the effects of ombudsmen’s reports, judicial review of ombudsmen, the European Ombudsman, the Equality and Human Rights Commission, and the Inquiries Act 2005. The chapter also explains the law on judicial review of ombudsman decisions and judicial review of the way in which public authorities respond to ombudsman reports, and argues that the judicial process has very little to offer in improving the operation of ombudsman schemes.