Hormonal imbalance in patients with chronic kidney disease in the pre-dialysis and dialysis periods (part 2)

In the previous article, we presented the results of literature review showing the changes in hormone concentrations (parathyroid hormone, insulin, growth factor, prolactin) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) at the pre-dialysis and dialysis stages, described pathological relationships between renal failure and serum hormones concentrations, as well as changes in their biological effects. In this article, that continues the general topic, we provide the results of literature review that shows changes in serum concentrations of thyroid, adrenal, sex hormones and the features of the functioning of hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral glands axis in patients with CRF. The presence of close pathogenic interactions of renal functional condition with hormonal activity of the thyroid gland was evaluated, as well as the ability of thyroid gland to influence the CRF progression both during pre-dialysis and dialysis sta­ges of CRF. Most patients with CRF have low serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels. It means that CRF is a pathological condition associated with thyroid hypofunction that progressively worsening as glomerular filtration rate decreases. For patients receiving dialysis treatment, hypothyroidism is associated with higher mortality. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is usually progresses in patients on renal replacement therapy. Non-diagnosed chronic adrenal failure may be life-threating that’s why the analysis of adrenal function is especially actual for patients on both pre-­dialysis and dialysis stages of CRF. Secondary adrenal insufficiency caused by long-lasting treatment with corticoids is a diagnostic problem for patients on dialysis treatment, because many nephrological diseases are treated by corticoids, and immunosuppressive therapy protocols used after the kidney transplantation are usually include prednisone. As the endocrine dysfunction progresses in patients with CRF, sexual dysfunction develops due to sex hormone imbalance. Abnormal androgen concentration is a typical fin­ding in CRF. A negative correlation was found between endogenic testosterone concentration and CRF stages I–V that indicated an abnormal profile of male sex hormones. There are gender-specific features of the development and progression of clinical symptoms of hormonal imbalance. The number of experimental studies show that continuous estradiol treatment may prevent the development of glomerulosclerosis. The results of clinical trials concluded that lower CRF progression and the lower incidence of CRF observed in young females compared to males, as well as the absence of gender protection in post-menopausal period, shows the important role of female sex hormones.