黑色素结合着色剂:更新分子模型,染色和标记机制,以及生物医学观点

Colorants Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI:10.3390/colorants1010007
J. Stockert, J. Espada, A. Blázquez-Castro
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引用次数: 4

摘要

黑色素瘤和黑色素瘤是生物医学研究中日益引起人们兴趣的两个领域。黑色素是一种普遍存在的具有适应价值和多种功能的生物色素,存在于恶性黑色素瘤中。虽然已经提出了几种真黑素的化学结构,但分子模型和轨道表明,平面或螺旋苯醌-卟啉聚合物将是更好地解释x射线晶体学和电子显微镜所显示的宽带光和超声波吸收、电导率和石墨样组织的模型。溶酶体和黑素小体被重要探针选择性标记,黑素也与金属阳离子、着色剂和药物结合,在药理学、病理学和黑色素瘤治疗中具有重要意义。除了传统和最近的肿瘤治疗,光动力、光热和超声治疗方案代表了黑色素瘤治疗的新模式。由于真黑素实际上是理想的光热和超声敏化剂,近红外照射后光激发电子的振动衰变,或超声吸收后ROS和自由基的电化学产生,诱导有效的加热或氧化反应,导致肿瘤细胞的损伤和死亡。由于肿瘤中含有剩余的黑色素,这使得重复治疗成为可能。鉴于晚期黑色素瘤的进化和预后仍然是一个问题,基于黑色素特性的新的生物物理程序现在可以开发和应用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Melanin-Binding Colorants: Updating Molecular Modeling, Staining and Labeling Mechanisms, and Biomedical Perspectives
Melanin and melanoma tumors are two fields of increasing interest in biomedical research. Melanins are ubiquitous biopigments with adaptive value and multiple functions, and occur in the malignant melanoma. Although several chemical structures have been proposed for eumelanin, molecular modeling and orbitals indicate that a planar or spiral benzoquinone-porphycene polymer would be the model that better explains the broad-band light and ultrasound absorption, electric conductivity, and graphite-like organization shown by X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy. Lysosomes and melanosomes are selectively labeled by vital probes, and melanin also binds to metal cations, colorants, and drugs, with important consequences in pharmacology, pathology, and melanoma therapy. In addition to traditional and recent oncologic treatments, photodynamic, photothermal, and ultrasound protocols represent novel modalities for melanoma therapy. Since eumelanin is practically the ideal photothermal and ultrasound sensitizer, the vibrational decay from photo-excited electrons after NIR irradiation, or the electrochemical production of ROS and radicals after ultrasound absorption, induce an efficient heating or oxidative response, resulting in the damage and death of tumor cells. This allows repetitive treatments due to the remaining melanin contained in tumoral melanophages. Given that evolution and prognosis of the advanced melanoma is still a concern, new biophysical procedures based on melanin properties can now be developed and applied.
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