Recent developments in Phos-tag electrophoresis for the analysis of phosphoproteins in proteomics

ABSTRACT Introduction Phosphate-binding tag (Phos-tag) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is an important development capable of analyzing the phosphorylation state of proteins. Conventionally, proteins were separated via SDS-PAGE and Phos-tag SDS-PAGE that use different gels to identify phosphorylated proteins. However, it was often difficult to compare the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins in the different gels used. The recently developed Phos-tag diagonal electrophoresis has been able to solve this problem. It can indicate the SDS-PAGE and Phos-tag SDS-PAGE patterns on a single gel; therefore, phosphorylated proteins can be distinguished easily from non-phosphorylated proteins. Areas covered This review assesses the importance of Phos-tag electrophoresis, which enables the analysis of protein phosphorylation states, in the field of proteomics. Additionally, this review describes the significance and actual experimental technique of Phos-tag diagonal electrophoresis, which was recently developed to overcome the drawbacks of Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. Expert opinion Although shotgun analysis of proteins allows detecting many phosphorylation sites, it is challenging to clarify the differences in the phosphorylation states of protein molecules using this technique. Therefore, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE is frequently used to determine the phosphorylation state of proteins. This technique has become more powerful with the recent development of Phos-tag diagonal electrophoresis. Abbreviations: BIS, N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide); CBB, Coomassie brilliant blue R250; ESI, electrospray ionization; hnRNP, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K; LTQ–Orbitrap, Linear trap quadrupole–Orbitrap; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization; Phos-tag, phosphate-binding tag [1,3-bis [bis (pyridine-2-ylmethyl) amino] propane-2-olate]; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TOF, time of flight; 2D-DIGE, fluorescence-labeled two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis; 2-DE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis