Effect of Oral Clonidine on Hemodynamic Changes due to Laryngoscopy, Intubation and Operative Procedures Stress Response

Induction of general anesthesia, direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation induce marked cardiovascular changes as well as autonomic reflex activity [1]. Laryngoscopy with or without tracheal intubation amounts to a highly noxious stimulus to the homeostasis of the patient. Many a time under lighter planes of anesthesia it elicits a defense mechanism in the form of hemodynamic response to stress, which involves activation of adrenocortical system [2]. The response may be particularly hazardous for patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [3].