用于城市空间微气候模拟的植被蒸散发降温计算方法

Panagiotis Gkatsopoulos
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引用次数: 32

摘要

植被对城市空间小气候的影响是多方面的,几乎所有的影响都是非常有益的。在城市街区、街道或单体建筑层面,植被的蒸散发降温作用是影响城市小气候的最重要作用之一。然而,这种效应很难在能量模拟中量化。如果有一种工具有助于将完全参数化的植被效果整合到建筑物和城市空间的环境分析软件中,那将是非常有用的。为此,本工作提出了一种方法,试图量化单一树木和植被地面覆盖的蒸散量。重要的是其实现的简单性,以及最小和容易获得的用户输入需求。该方法主要基于经联合国粮食及农业组织修改的Pennman-Monteith蒸散方程。通过从文献中收集植被参数数据,并结合估算该方法所需的一些树木物理属性的方程,组装了一个工具。在此基础上,对几种树种进行了分类,并将其作为计算系统中植被冷却效果的选项。然后根据所选择的特定树种和输入的环境数据计算蒸散量。论证了将结果纳入CFD环境分析的可行性。根据仿真所需的时间步长,应用不同的计算方法。因此,该工具可以根据可用的数据和所需的精度以静态或动态形式使用。该工具的静态实例的web版本已经创建,作为一个基于表单的网页。一个可执行的版本将通过导入天气数据文件,并根据环境变量动态改变方程,提供每小时的蒸散发计算,并将结果绘制成图表。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Methodology for Calculating Cooling from Vegetation Evapotranspiration for Use in Urban Space Microclimate Simulations

Vegetation affects the urban space microclimate in many ways, almost all of them being highly beneficial. At the level of city block, street or individual building, cooling from evapotranspiration is one of the most significant effects of vegetation with an impact on urban microclimate. However, this effect is difficult to be quantified in energy simulations. A tool that would contribute to the integration of fully parameterized vegetation effects into environmental analysis software for buildings and urban spaces would be of great usefulness. To this end, this work proposes a methodology that attempts to quantify evapotranspiration from single trees and vegetation ground cover. Of great importance is the simplicity in its implementation, as well as the minimum and easily obtained user input requirements.

This methodology is primarily based on the Pennman-Monteith evapotranspiration equation, as modified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. By a combination of collecting data for vegetation parameters from literature and incorporating equations for estimating some of the physical tree properties necessary as input to this method, a tool is assembled. Several tree species were categorized and included as options when calculating the cooling effect of vegetation in a system, based on this research. Evapotranspiration is then calculated depending on the specific tree species selected and the environmental data entered. The inclusion of the results in CFD environmental analysis is demonstrated.

Variations in the calculation method are applied, depending on the desired time-step of the simulation. Thus, the tool can be used either in static or dynamic form, according to the available data and required accuracy. A web version of the tool in its static instance has been created, as a form-based webpage. An executable version will provide hourly calculations of evapotranspiration by importing weather data files and dynamically altering the equations according to the environmental variables, plotting the results in graphs.

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