A framework of personal and environmental learning-based strategies to foster therapist expertise

This article presents a framework of strategies by which to foster the expertise of therapists who work in community-based clinical service organizations. The framework is based on theories of competence development and learning, and amalgamates strategies identified in a review of the expertise literature in the fields of physical therapy, occupational therapy, medicine, nursing, education, and counselling and psychotherapy. The framework outlines three main types of strategies: (i) personal experience to develop skills and knowledge (personal level strategies), (ii) the provision of supports and resources (person–environment ‘fit’ strategies), and (iii) work-place opportunities (environmental strategies). Together, these strategy groups provide a comprehensive understanding of ways to facilitate experiential, instructional and observational learning for practicing therapists. Implications for managers and therapists are discussed, including the importance of acquiring ‘soft’ competencies, ensuring various forms of feedback, and establishing supportive, learning-oriented work environments.