安慰剂发明和使用的历史里程碑

Q3 Medicine
A. N. Koterov
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引用次数: 0

摘要

该综述基于1945-2020年安慰剂历史和安慰剂效应的几乎所有主要来源的原始资料。本文给出了“安慰剂”一词的词源和语义,以及它在天主教服务和日常英语中的应用。安慰剂效应被认为是确保古代、中世纪、古老、非传统(替代)和深奥医学“成功”的机制之一。这表明,实验安慰剂的起源是16世纪的驱魔技术。对于治疗性和实验性安慰剂的发明和使用的优先顺序,尚未建立统一的认识。在第一种情况下,来自苏格兰的A. Sutherland(1763)和A. Duncan(1770),而不是W. Cullen(1772),正如现在大多数资料所述,应该被称为先驱。在第二种情况下,优先考虑的是法国科学院委员会(有美国驻法国大使富兰克林的参与),该委员会于1784年调查了催眠(a . Mesmer)的效果,但没有考虑到J. Haygarth在1801年的磁疗试验,没有考虑到1829-1830年在圣彼得堡顺势疗法和对抗疗法的效果比较,更没有考虑到1863年a . Flint研究的风湿病治疗。手册和评论中经常错误地给出最后日期。从安慰剂开始使用到20世纪中叶,它被认为是一种理论上可能具有治疗效果的活性化合物,但自1937年以来,安慰剂在医学词典中只被定义为一种非活性的、惰性的物质或效果。介绍了“安慰剂”一词在不同语言的一般医学词典和医学词典中的收录情况(1785年G. Motherby用英语编写并出版的新医学词典得到了优先考虑)。在过去的15到20年里,人们对安慰剂的历史越来越感兴趣(至少有15个国家的相关评论是已知的),这可能不仅与安慰剂被引入对照试验有关,而且与当前替代疗法甚至深奥医学方法的流行有关,这些方法有时会渗透到传统医学中。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Historical milestones of the invention and use of placebo
The review is based on the originals of nearly all major sources on the history of placebo and the placebo effect for 1945–2020. Data on the etymology and semantics of the term “placebo”, on its introduction into the Catholic service and, then, into everyday English are given. The placebo effect is considered as one of the mechanisms ensuring the “success” of ancient, medieval, old, non-traditional (alternative) and esoteric medicine. It is indicated that the origins of the experimental placebo are exorcism techniques dated from 16th century.Uniform understanding of priorities in the invention and use of both therapeutic and experimental placebo has not been established. In the first case, A. Sutherland (1763) and A. Duncan (1770) from Scotland, but not W. Cullen (1772), as is now given in most sources, should be named as pioneers. In the second case, the priority is given to the Commission of the Franch Academy of Sciences (with the participation of the US Ambassador to France B. Franklin), which investigated the effects of mesmerism (A. Mesmer) in 1784, but not to J. Haygarth's test of magnetism therapy in 1801, not to a comparison of the effects of homeopathy and allopathy in St. Petersburg in 1829–1830 and, moreover, not to the therapy of rheumatism studied by A. Flint in 1863. The last date is often erroneously given in manuals and reviews.From the beginning of placebo use and until the middle of the 20th century, it was considered as an active compound that could theoretically have a therapeutic effect, but since 1937 placebo has been defined in medical dictionaries only as an inactive, inert substance or effect. Data on the inclusion of the term “placebo” in general and medical dictionaries in different languages are presented (priority was given to the new medical dictionary by G. Motherby written in English and published in 1785).The increased interest in the history of placebo in the last one and a half to two decades (relevant reviews from at least 15 countries are known) might be associated not only with its introduction into controlled trials, but also with the current popularity of alternative and even esoteric medicine methods with the penetration of those, at times, into conventional medicine.
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来源期刊
Farmakoekonomika
Farmakoekonomika Medicine-Health Policy
CiteScore
1.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
43
审稿时长
8 weeks
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