Luther and the Reformation as Perceived in Rome: Methods of Spiritual Reform and Sustaining Catholic Orthodoxy

ABSTRACT Rome’s handling of the Reformation in northern Europe was determined by specific circumstances in which the Italian situation differed from that north of the Alps. This article argues chiefly that the Roman theologians’ perception of the Protestant Reformation – especially on ecclesiological questions – depended decisively on their experience of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517). When they encountered Luther’s writings or Luther in person, the friar from Wittenberg is often described in a disrespectful manner derived from common national stereotypes. Notwithstanding, in one form or other Luther’s writings were circulated, published and translated in Italy where they appear to have found a sympathetic audience in some quarters. Italian Luther synpathizers did not constitute a nationwide network, but rather met clandestinely in small circles, making their detection a challenge. The prosecution of heresy was ultimately the task of the all-powerful Roman Inquisition, founded in 1542 after the Regensburg reunion colloquy had failed.