Autosensitization to human chorionic gonadotropin: etiology, role in reproductive loss, and approaches to therapy

The important role of human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy suggests the occurrence of reproductive disorders due to the circulation of specific antibodies, especially in early pregnancy, which can lead to a cascade of pathological reactions such as implantation failure, placentation, trophoblast invasion, and ultimately fetal rejection. The lack of knowledge and the complexity of diagnosing and treating this autoimmune pathology in reproductive medicine and obstetrics negatively affects both the outcomes of each individual pregnancy and the demographic situation as a whole. This review article highlights the main ideas about the causes of human chorionic gonadotropin antibody occurrence, the pathological mechanisms, the reproductive and obstetric complications associated with human chorionic gonadotropin autoantibodies, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches.