接种疫苗的人不感染COVID-19的概率是多少?

G. D'Agostini, Alfredo Esposito
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摘要

根据辉瑞、Moderna和阿斯利康在2020年底发布的新闻稿中传达的信息,我们建立了一个简单的贝叶斯模型,其中主要的兴趣量起{\em疫苗功效}(' $ε$')的作用。得到的贝叶斯网络由马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)处理,在JAGS中实现,通过JAGS与R接口。作为结果,我们得到了ε$的几个概率密度函数,每个函数都以三家制药公司提供的数据为条件。对于参与试验的人数的巨大变化,结果相当稳定,并且它“在某种程度上”与公司提供的结果非常一致,因为它们的值与MCMC产生的pdf的最可能值(“模式”)相对应,从而使我们确信我们的简单模型的有效性。然而,我们坚持认为,作为“疫苗效力”报告的数字应该是分布的平均值,而不是模型,因为拉普拉斯在大约250年前就已经非常清楚了(它的“继承规则”来自这类最简单的问题)。在成功的数量等于试验的数量的情况下,这一点尤为重要,因为它对“严重形式”感染的有效性是100%的,Moderna声称。使用MCMC和近似公式,还显示了各种不确定性对预测接种疫苗感染人数的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
What is the Probability that a Vaccinated Person is Shielded from COVID-19?
Based on the information communicated in press releases, and finally published towards the end of 2020 by Pfizer, Moderna and AstraZeneca, we have built up a simple Bayesian model, in which the main quantity of interest plays the role of {\em vaccine efficacy} (`$ε$'). The resulting Bayesian Network is processed by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), implemented in JAGS interfaced to R via rjags. As outcome, we get several probability density functions (pdf's) of $ε$, each conditioned on the data provided by the three pharma companies. The result is rather stable against large variations of the number of people participating in the trials and it is `somehow' in good agreement with the results provided by the companies, in the sense that their values correspond to the most probable value (`mode') of the pdf's resulting from MCMC, thus reassuring us about the validity of our simple model. However we maintain that the number to be reported as `vaccine efficacy' should be the mean of the distribution, rather than the mode, as it was already very clear to Laplace about 250 years ago (its `rule of succession' follows from the simplest problem of the kind). This is particularly important in the case in which the number of successes equals the numbers of trials, as it happens with the efficacy against `severe forms' of infection, claimed by Moderna to be 100%. The implication of the various uncertainties on the predicted number of vaccinated infectees is also shown, using both MCMC and approximated formulae.
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