植物病毒的传播

S. Grešíková
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引用次数: 0

摘要

植物病毒是对可持续经济的威胁,因为它们造成产量的经济损失。植物病毒的流行病学是特别令人感兴趣的,因为它们通过昆虫媒介动态传播和通过种子传播。病毒进化的速度和方向是由它们所处的选择性环境决定的。了解植物病毒的生态学对许多植物病毒的传播至关重要。准确、及时地检测植物病毒是控制植物病毒的重要组成部分。迅速的气候变化和通过自由贸易协定实现的贸易全球化助长了病媒和病毒在国与国之间的传播。影响病毒出现的另一个因素是遗传多样性低和植物密度高的单一栽培。植物材料(种质和活植物)的贸易也导致新病毒的出现。病毒在新的环境中具有较快的适应和发展能力。蚜虫是植物病毒传播最广泛和最重要的媒介。桃蚜能传播100多种不同的植物病毒。在自然界中,植物病毒也通过线虫、真菌、螨虫、叶蝉、白蝇、甲虫和飞虱传播。病毒性疾病的症状非常多样,常常与非生物应激症状相混淆。病毒性疾病的控制基于两种战略:1)免疫(通过植物转化、繁殖或交叉保护获得的遗传抗性),2)限制病毒的预防(去除受感染的植物和控制其载体)。在管理方面,我们依靠快速准确地识别疾病。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The transmission of plant viruses
Abstract Plant viruses are a threat to a sustainable economy because they cause economic losses in yields. The epidemiology of plant viruses is of particular interest because of their dynamic spread by insect vectors and their transmission by seeds. The speed and direction of viral evolution are determined by the selective environment in which they are found. Knowledge of the ecology of plant viruses is critical to the transmission of many plant viruses. Accurate and timely detection of plant viruses is an essential part of their control. Rapid climate change and the globalization of trade through free trade agreements encourage the transmission of vectors and viruses from country to country. Another factor affecting the emergence of viruses is the cultivation of monocultures with low genetic diversity a nd high plant density. Trade in plant material (germplasm and living plants) also cause the emergence of new viruses. Viruses have a fast adaptation and development in a new environment. Aphids are the most widespread and important vectors of plant viruses. Myzus persicae transmits more than 100 different plant viruses. In nature plant viruses are transmitted also by nematodes, fungi, mites, leafhoppers, whiteflies, beetles, and planthoppers. The symptoms of viral diseases are very diverse and are often confused with symptoms of abiotic stress. Control of viral diseases is based on two strategies: i) immunization (genetic resistance acquired by plant transformation, breeding, or cross-protection), ii) prophylaxis to limit viruses (removal of infected plants and control of their vectors). For management, we rely on quick and accurate identification of the disease.
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