Bose-Einstein condensation on inhomogeneous complex networks

The thermodynamic properties of non-interacting bosons on a complex network can be strongly affected by topological inhomogeneities. The latter give rise to anomalies in the density of states that can induce Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in low-dimensional systems also in the absence of external confining potentials. The anomalies consist of energy regions composed of an infinite number of states with vanishing weight in the thermodynamic limit. We present a rigorous result providing the general conditions for the occurrence of BEC on complex networks in the presence of anomalous spectral regions in the density of states. We present results on spectral properties for a wide class of graphs where the theorem applies. We study in detail an explicit geometrical realization, the comb lattice, which embodies all the relevant features of this effect and which can be experimentally implemented as an array of Josephson junctions.