通讯设备:严重残疾人士使用的通讯设备

G. Vanderheiden, D. Lamers, A. M. Volk, C. Geisler
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These errors are very frustrating for them and usually result in rapid rejection of the device.\n Some devices have been developed which overcome the spastic motion problem by using large, gross motor movements as the signal source. In this manner switches can be successfully used, but their number is limited. Special techniques are then required to specify all of the alphanumeric characters with these few switches.\n In contrast, the Auto-Com copes with the problem of spastic motion by using the lack of motion rather than its presence as its control signal. Thus, any sudden Jerks, movements or lack of control will be ignored, allowing error-free control. This technique also allows the close packing of signal switches: more than 80 of them are located in a 12\" × 15\" area. This large number of switches allows a simple one-to-one relationship between the switches and the characters, making understanding and operation of the unit simple, even for a young child. 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A magnetic reed switch located directly underneath that letter is then closed. If the magnet is kept there for a short (adjustable) period of time, the letter is printed on the TV screen or teletype unit. Since the magnet does not need to stand absolutely still, but only remain within an area surrounding the letter, the device will ignore small movements and tremors. Sensory feedback, both auditory and visual, has been provided to aid the operator. Use of the TV screen as the output device allows the operator to go back and correct mistakes or to modify his text.\n An initial version of the Auto-Com, having only typewriter output, has been used for over nine months by an Cerebral Palsied child in the Madison school system. Unable to talk, write or type, this child uses the Auto-Com for everything from spelling and grammar lessons to writing personal letters. The Auto-Com has been tried with other severely handicapped people on a short-term basis. 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引用次数: 4

摘要

一项由学生发起的项目导致了一项新技术的使用和一种新设备的开发,这种新设备可以为严重残疾的人提供一种交流手段,对那些哑巴和不能使用打字机的人尤其有用。这种设备被称为Auto-Com(自动监控通信板),是专门为患有严重痉挛运动的患者开发的。对于这些人来说,大多数使用开关的设备都非常困难或不可能操作。这是由于正常的开关、杠杆和键盘都依赖于某种形式的离散运动来操作。由于零星的运动,这些人不断犯错误,由于错误的触发开关。这些错误对他们来说是非常令人沮丧的,通常会导致设备的快速拒绝。已经开发出一些设备,通过使用大的、粗大的运动作为信号源来克服痉挛运动问题。以这种方式可以成功地使用开关,但它们的数量是有限的。然后需要特殊的技术来使用这几个开关指定所有的字母数字字符。相比之下,Auto-Com通过使用缺乏运动而不是其存在作为控制信号来处理痉挛运动的问题。因此,任何突然的抽搐,运动或缺乏控制将被忽略,允许无错误的控制。该技术还允许信号开关的紧密封装:其中80多个位于12“× 15”的区域内。大量的开关使得开关和字符之间有简单的一对一的关系,使理解和操作的单位变得简单,即使是一个年幼的孩子。这种对每个字母的直接说明也减少了用户选择字母所需的时间。当前型号的Auto-Com由一个传感板、一个手柄和几个输出装置组成。感应板在外观上类似于“语言板”,这是一种常用的残疾人交流技术。典型的语言板是一块平坦的木板,上面画着字母、数字和一些常用词。残疾人通过把信息中的字母指给另一个人来交流。Auto-Com的工作方式大致相同,除了它是自动监控。它不需要其他人在场。和语言板一样,感应板的表面坚硬光滑,上面绘有字母。通信是通过在板子表面滑动手机来完成的,直到它的黑柱(一块磁铁)位于想要的字母上。位于字母正下方的磁簧开关随后关闭。如果磁铁在那里停留很短的时间(可调节的),字母就会被印在电视屏幕或电传打字机上。由于磁铁不需要完全静止,只需要保持在字母周围的区域内,因此该设备将忽略微小的运动和震动。已经提供了听觉和视觉的感官反馈来帮助操作员。使用电视屏幕作为输出设备允许操作员返回并纠正错误或修改他的文本。最初版本的Auto-Com只有打字机输出,已经被麦迪逊学校系统的一名脑瘫儿童使用了9个多月。这个孩子不会说话,不会写字,也不会打字,他使用Auto-Com来完成从拼写和语法课程到写私人信件的所有事情。Auto-Com已在其他严重残疾人士身上进行了短期试验。似乎任何具备使用语言板所需的肌肉和语言技能的人都可以通过使用Auto-Com实现独立交流。最近的一个版本,使用安娜堡电视控制器,便携式电视机和电传打字机,正在与计算机接口(使用RS-232标准),以方便模拟“字板”,其中语言板的每个字母正方形被认为代表一个或几个单词。这将有助于指导有关使用ROM实现词汇表和硬件编辑逻辑的设计选择。计算机接口也使向残疾人提供计算机辅助成为可能,无论是以计算机辅助教学、文本处理等形式。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A communications device for the severely handicapped
A student initiated project has led to the use of a new technique and the development of a new device which can provide a means of communication for severely handicapped people, especially useful for those who are both mute and unable to use a typewriter. The device, called the Auto-Com (Auto-Monitoring Communication Board), was developed especially for use by individuals with afflictions which result in severe spastic motions. For these individuals, most devices that utilize switches are extremely difficult or impossible to operate. This is due to the fact that normal switches, levers and keyboards all rely on a discrete motion of some form for their operation. Because of sporadic motions, these people are constantly making errors due to false triggering of the switches. These errors are very frustrating for them and usually result in rapid rejection of the device. Some devices have been developed which overcome the spastic motion problem by using large, gross motor movements as the signal source. In this manner switches can be successfully used, but their number is limited. Special techniques are then required to specify all of the alphanumeric characters with these few switches. In contrast, the Auto-Com copes with the problem of spastic motion by using the lack of motion rather than its presence as its control signal. Thus, any sudden Jerks, movements or lack of control will be ignored, allowing error-free control. This technique also allows the close packing of signal switches: more than 80 of them are located in a 12" × 15" area. This large number of switches allows a simple one-to-one relationship between the switches and the characters, making understanding and operation of the unit simple, even for a young child. This direct specification of each letter also reduces the time needed by the user to select a letter. The current model of the Auto-Com consists of a sensing board, a hand-piece and several output devices. The sensing board is similar in appearance to a “language board”, a commonly used communication technique for the handicapped. A typical language board is a flat piece of wood with letters, numbers and some common words painted on it. The handicapped person communicates by pointing out the letters of his message to another person. The Auto-Com works in much the same manner except that it is auto-monitoring. It does not require the presence of another person. Like the language board, the surface of the sensing board is hard and smooth and has letters painted on it. Communication is accomplished by sliding the handpiece over the board's surface until its black post (a magnet) is located over a desired letter. A magnetic reed switch located directly underneath that letter is then closed. If the magnet is kept there for a short (adjustable) period of time, the letter is printed on the TV screen or teletype unit. Since the magnet does not need to stand absolutely still, but only remain within an area surrounding the letter, the device will ignore small movements and tremors. Sensory feedback, both auditory and visual, has been provided to aid the operator. Use of the TV screen as the output device allows the operator to go back and correct mistakes or to modify his text. An initial version of the Auto-Com, having only typewriter output, has been used for over nine months by an Cerebral Palsied child in the Madison school system. Unable to talk, write or type, this child uses the Auto-Com for everything from spelling and grammar lessons to writing personal letters. The Auto-Com has been tried with other severely handicapped people on a short-term basis. It appears that any person with the muscular and language skills necessary to use a language board can achieve independent communication through the use of the Auto-Com. A more recent version, using an Ann Arbor TV controller, a portable TV set and a teletype, is being interfaced (using the RS-232 standard) to a computer to facilitate modelling a “word-board”, in which each lettered square of the language board is assumed to represent one or several words. This will help guide design choices regarding use of a ROM implemented vocabulary and hardware editing logic. The computer interface also makes it possible to provide computer-assistance to the person with disabilities, be it in the form of computer assisted instruction, text handling, etc.
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