The Effect of Metformin on Serum Levels of FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone in Diabetic Rats

Introduction Tobacco is a preventable risk factor to many Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor of clinical conditions. The effects of cigarette smoke was many clinical conditions in the body. It has been studied on the superior colliculus of male Wistar rats. associated with diseases of the lungs, heart, brain, liver, 1, 2 Twenty (20) adult rats were grouped into a control and a and other organs . Tobacco has thousands of treatment group. While the control group was exposed components, many of which are volatilised during to cotton wool smoke, the treatment group was allowed burning, while others, such as the aromatic to inhale smoke from completely burnt cigarette, a stick hydrocarbons, are formed during combustion of the 3 per rat, for a period of 21 days. At the end of days 7, 14 leaf components . and 21, animals from the two groups were sacrificed by By virtue of its short-term actions on the cervical dislocation and the superior colliculus excised, cholinergic system, nicotine has positive effects on 3 fixed in formol calcium, and some of the tissues certain cognitive domains . Nicotine is responsible for (superior colliculi) were homogenised for enzyme the acute effects of tobacco, while tar is responsible for 4 studies. Blood samples were also collected its chronic effects . The components of a cigarette stick intracardially for enzyme studies. Tissue sections were differ depending on the manufacturer, and a completely prepared for histological studies using H&E stains, and burned cigarette stick usually contains between 1-6 mg 5 a quantitative study was done on the activity of lactate of nicotine . The carbon monoxide produced during dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme. burning of cigarette also has additional adverse effects, 5 While serum LDH decreased in the treatment as a component of the smoke . Vascular injury resulting group, the tissue LDH increased, compared with the from ischaemic process leads to reduction in the supply control group that received the cotton wool smoke. The of oxygen and nutrients to the brain, thereby causing histological sections of the treatment group exposed to various forms of degenerative changes in the tissue. 6 cigarette smoke showed reduced number of neurons, The superior colliculus (SC) is a visual relay centre , reduced density of neuronal bodies, many cytoplasmic transforming both visual and non-visual sensory vacuolations, and distorted cytoarchitecture, compared signals into motor commands that control orienting 7 with the control animals exposed to cotton wool smoke, behaviours . which showed few vacuolated spaces only on day 21. Furthermore, tobacco smoke is an exogenous These histological changes were most likely due to the source of reactive oxygen species, with a broad oxidative stress and ischaemia resulting from the spectrum of oxidant-ionising radiation which generates cigarette smoke and the increased LDH enzyme 8 free radicals in exposed tissues . Due to a low oxygen activities in the superior colliculus. tension, anaerobic glycolytic pathway is utilized to supply the brain with its ATP requirement. Some