{"title":"在美国马萨诸塞州销售的“美国鼻烟”和瑞典鼻烟产品的特点","authors":"A. Seidenberg, O. Ayo-Yusuf, V. Rees","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw334","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\nSnus may present lower health risks than cigarettes, but its harm reduction potential may be undermined if used dually with cigarettes. The likelihood of exclusive snus use compared with dual use may depend in part on the capacity of snus to deliver nicotine in doses that are satisfactory to smokers. We examined characteristics of \"American snus\" products, including nicotine levels, and compared to snus products that are more typical of Sweden.\n\n\nMethods\nTobacco industry reports for snus products submitted to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for the year 2014 were used to assess moisture (%), pH, total nicotine, and unionized (free) nicotine (both mg/g and percent of total). A total of 14 (\"American\") snus products made by American manufacturers Philip Morris USA (n = 6), R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (n = 6), and US Smokeless Tobacco Company (n = 2), were compared with Swedish-style (\"Swedish\") snus products (n = 10) made by Swedish Match North America.\n\n\nResults\nCompared with Swedish snus, American snus brands contained significantly lower concentrations of unionized nicotine (median: 0.52 mg/g vs. 6.52 mg/g; p < .001) and proportion of unionized nicotine (median: 3.17% vs. 81.8%; p < .001). American snus brands also had significantly lower pH (median: 6.54 vs. 8.68; p < .001) and moisture (median: 30.3% vs. 53.4%; p < .001).\n\n\nConclusions\nSwedish-made snus has higher unionized nicotine, measured by concentration and proportion of total nicotine, compared with snus products made by American manufacturers. These findings suggest that American snus products have lower addiction potential than Swedish snus, and may be more likely to be used dually with cigarettes than as a sole source of nicotine.\n\n\nImplications\nAmerican snus products contain significantly lower unionized nicotine, lower pH, and lower moisture, compared with Swedish snus products. Snus addiction potential and patterns of usage, including co-use with cigarettes, may differ between American and Swedish snus products due to differences in snus product characteristics.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"262–266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2016-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"13","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Characteristics of “American Snus” and Swedish Snus Products for Sale in Massachusetts, USA\",\"authors\":\"A. Seidenberg, O. Ayo-Yusuf, V. Rees\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/ntr/ntw334\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Introduction\\nSnus may present lower health risks than cigarettes, but its harm reduction potential may be undermined if used dually with cigarettes. The likelihood of exclusive snus use compared with dual use may depend in part on the capacity of snus to deliver nicotine in doses that are satisfactory to smokers. We examined characteristics of \\\"American snus\\\" products, including nicotine levels, and compared to snus products that are more typical of Sweden.\\n\\n\\nMethods\\nTobacco industry reports for snus products submitted to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for the year 2014 were used to assess moisture (%), pH, total nicotine, and unionized (free) nicotine (both mg/g and percent of total). A total of 14 (\\\"American\\\") snus products made by American manufacturers Philip Morris USA (n = 6), R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (n = 6), and US Smokeless Tobacco Company (n = 2), were compared with Swedish-style (\\\"Swedish\\\") snus products (n = 10) made by Swedish Match North America.\\n\\n\\nResults\\nCompared with Swedish snus, American snus brands contained significantly lower concentrations of unionized nicotine (median: 0.52 mg/g vs. 6.52 mg/g; p < .001) and proportion of unionized nicotine (median: 3.17% vs. 81.8%; p < .001). American snus brands also had significantly lower pH (median: 6.54 vs. 8.68; p < .001) and moisture (median: 30.3% vs. 53.4%; p < .001).\\n\\n\\nConclusions\\nSwedish-made snus has higher unionized nicotine, measured by concentration and proportion of total nicotine, compared with snus products made by American manufacturers. These findings suggest that American snus products have lower addiction potential than Swedish snus, and may be more likely to be used dually with cigarettes than as a sole source of nicotine.\\n\\n\\nImplications\\nAmerican snus products contain significantly lower unionized nicotine, lower pH, and lower moisture, compared with Swedish snus products. Snus addiction potential and patterns of usage, including co-use with cigarettes, may differ between American and Swedish snus products due to differences in snus product characteristics.\",\"PeriodicalId\":19355,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Nicotine and Tobacco Research\",\"volume\":\"9 1\",\"pages\":\"262–266\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2016-12-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"13\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Nicotine and Tobacco Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw334\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw334","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
摘要
鼻烟的健康风险可能比香烟低,但如果与香烟同时使用,其减少危害的潜力可能会被削弱。与双重用途相比,单独使用鼻烟的可能性部分取决于鼻烟以吸烟者满意的剂量提供尼古丁的能力。我们研究了“美国鼻烟”产品的特征,包括尼古丁水平,并将其与更典型的瑞典鼻烟产品进行了比较。方法采用2014年烟草业向马萨诸塞州公共卫生部门提交的鼻烟产品报告,评估鼻烟产品的水分(%)、pH、总尼古丁和游离尼古丁(mg/g和占总尼古丁的百分比)。将美国制造商菲利普莫里斯美国公司(n = 6)、雷诺烟草公司(n = 6)和美国无烟烟草公司(n = 2)生产的14种(“美式”)鼻烟产品与瑞典火柴北美公司生产的瑞典风格(“Swedish”)鼻烟产品(n = 10)进行比较。结果与瑞典鼻烟相比,美国品牌鼻烟的游离尼古丁浓度显著低于瑞典品牌(中位数:0.52 mg/g vs. 6.52 mg/g;P < 0.001)和尼古丁结块比例(中位数:3.17% vs. 81.8%;P < 0.001)。美国鼻烟品牌的pH值也明显较低(中位数:6.54 vs. 8.68;P < 0.001)和湿度(中位数:30.3% vs. 53.4%;P < 0.001)。结论瑞典产鼻烟的总烟碱浓度和总烟碱比例高于美国产鼻烟。这些发现表明,美国鼻烟产品比瑞典鼻烟具有更低的成瘾潜力,并且可能更有可能与香烟双重使用,而不是作为尼古丁的唯一来源。与瑞典鼻烟产品相比,美国鼻烟产品含有明显较低的游离尼古丁,较低的pH值和较低的水分。由于鼻烟产品特性的差异,美国和瑞典的鼻烟产品可能会导致鼻烟成瘾的可能性和使用模式,包括与香烟共同使用。
Characteristics of “American Snus” and Swedish Snus Products for Sale in Massachusetts, USA
Introduction
Snus may present lower health risks than cigarettes, but its harm reduction potential may be undermined if used dually with cigarettes. The likelihood of exclusive snus use compared with dual use may depend in part on the capacity of snus to deliver nicotine in doses that are satisfactory to smokers. We examined characteristics of "American snus" products, including nicotine levels, and compared to snus products that are more typical of Sweden.
Methods
Tobacco industry reports for snus products submitted to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for the year 2014 were used to assess moisture (%), pH, total nicotine, and unionized (free) nicotine (both mg/g and percent of total). A total of 14 ("American") snus products made by American manufacturers Philip Morris USA (n = 6), R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (n = 6), and US Smokeless Tobacco Company (n = 2), were compared with Swedish-style ("Swedish") snus products (n = 10) made by Swedish Match North America.
Results
Compared with Swedish snus, American snus brands contained significantly lower concentrations of unionized nicotine (median: 0.52 mg/g vs. 6.52 mg/g; p < .001) and proportion of unionized nicotine (median: 3.17% vs. 81.8%; p < .001). American snus brands also had significantly lower pH (median: 6.54 vs. 8.68; p < .001) and moisture (median: 30.3% vs. 53.4%; p < .001).
Conclusions
Swedish-made snus has higher unionized nicotine, measured by concentration and proportion of total nicotine, compared with snus products made by American manufacturers. These findings suggest that American snus products have lower addiction potential than Swedish snus, and may be more likely to be used dually with cigarettes than as a sole source of nicotine.
Implications
American snus products contain significantly lower unionized nicotine, lower pH, and lower moisture, compared with Swedish snus products. Snus addiction potential and patterns of usage, including co-use with cigarettes, may differ between American and Swedish snus products due to differences in snus product characteristics.