转基因生物的传播和潜在风险

Margherita Arcieri
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引用次数: 9

摘要

基因工程是一种可以检测、分离、繁殖和移植特定基因的技术。将基因引入另一个生物体或其他物种是一个不稳定和不安全的过程,对受体基因组和与周围环境的相互作用有难以预测的副作用和后果。主要的支持者是转基因生物领域专利的大企业主和其他利益相关者,包括一些转基因作物种植者和科学家,以及国际贸易伙伴。在植物育种领域,与转基因生物相关的潜在经济利益是相当可观的,世界种子市场的年营业额现已超过350亿欧元。如今,世界市场仅由少数几家大型运营商主导。同样的跨国公司在食品、植物保护化学品、能源和制药行业经营。这种集中使得一小群公司对整个食品和相关产品的生产链行使相当大的控制权,从而危及选择的自由、价格的可及性、开放式创新和遗传多样性。转基因生物的发展和传播通过这些古老的传统被称为绿色革命。农业中化学品的大量使用提供了获得更高收益的可能性,但随着时间的推移,需要更大剂量的除草剂,这使得有必要寻找更具攻击性的化学解决方案。然而,在客观证据的基础上,人们可以得出结论,基因工程对这些历史应用来说并不是从根本上说是新的。基因工程的出现标志着“旧”生物技术与“现代”生物技术概念之间的彻底决裂。在支持使用转基因生物的论据中,更经常使用的是对抗饥饿的必要性,确保为不断增长的世界人口提供食物的必要性,以及应对气候变化的必要性。目前市场上的大多数转基因品种都是用于牲畜的饲料和饲料,西方世界消费的肉类和牛奶,或用于生产生物燃料或塑料。食用农产品的非粮食用途增加,推高了世界市场上原材料和食品的价格,这只会加剧世界粮食不安全和贫困。全球粮食供应困难的问题并不是从生产到分配,因为全球产量相当于全球消费量的150%以上。因此,这需要政治和经济解决方案,而不是农业创新。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Spread and Potential Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetic engineering is a technique that allows to detect, isolate, multiply and transplant specific genes in another living organism. The introduction of genes in another living organism or other species is a process unstable and insecure with side effects and consequences difficult to predict on the recipient genome and interaction with the surrounding environment.

The main proponent are big business owners of patents in the field of GMOs and other stakeholders, including some GMO growers and scientists, as well as international trading partners.

The potential economic interests in relation to GMOs in the field of plant breeding are considerable, the world annual turnover of the seed market has now exceeded 35 billion Euros. Today the world market is dominated by only a handful of large operators. The same multinational companies operating in the food, plant protection chemicals, energy and pharmaceutical industries. This concentration allows a small group of corporations to exercise considerable control over the entire production chain of food and related products, thus putting at risk the freedom of choice, the accessibility of prices, open innovation and diversity genetics.

The development and dissemination of GMOs through these centuries-old-traditions have been called the Green Revolution. The greater use of chemicals in agriculture offers the possibility of a higher gain, but requires a greater dose of herbicides over time, which makes it necessary to look for a more aggressive chemical solution.

However, on the basis of objective evidence one can conclude that genetic engineering is not fundamentally new to these historical applications. The advent of genetic engineering marks a definitive break between the biotechnology of “old” and the “modern” conception.

Among the arguments used more frequently to support the use of GMOs, is the need to fight hunger, to ensure the supply of food to a growing world population and the fight against climate change. The majority of genetically modified varieties currently on the market are grown for forage and feed for livestock, for meat and milk consumed in the Western World, or to produce biofuel or plastics.

The increase in non-food use of edible agricultural products has pushed-up the prices of raw materials and foodstuffs on the world market, which has done nothing but exacerbate food insecurity and poverty in the world. The problems of the global food supply difficulties arise not so much from production to distribution since global production is equivalent to over 150% of global consumption. Consequently this requires a political and economic solution rather than agricultural innovation.

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