Parkia biglobosa (Nere)-A threatened useful tree species: Directory of sanitary constraints according to north-south climatic gradient in Mali

From the family of Leguminosae/Fabaceae, Parkia biglobosa is a forest tree species frequent in agroforestry parklands of the sudanian and sudano-guinean savannah. The species is present in up to 20 African countries from Senegal in the West to Uganda in the East [1]. It is a useful multi-purposes tree species in Sub-Saharan Africa [2], offering food, medicine, and income to rural population and contributing to fight poverty [3]. The main product of this species called “soumbala” or “dawadawa”, produced from fermented seeds, is a particularly appreciated and widely used spice in Africa, rich in proteins and containing lipids, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins and mineral compounds [4, 5, 6].