未来的愿景:通过检查点抑制免疫疗法释放免疫系统的刹车

Isabel C. Hageman
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摘要

免疫系统的激活和控制是由共刺激分子和检查点抑制剂调节的。检查点是通过调节免疫反应来维持自我耐受性和减少附带损害的必要条件。逃避免疫系统是癌症的标志之一,已经发现肿瘤细胞对检查点的干扰是逃避机制之一。肿瘤细胞表达的分子,当与它们各自的配体或受体结合时,会发出抑制信号,阻止t细胞的激活。针对这些免疫抑制分子(主要是CTLA-4和PD-1)的特异性抗体已经被设计出来,使得t细胞可以发挥细胞毒性抗肿瘤作用。这些抗体疗法已被发现对许多恶性肿瘤非常有效,尤其是黑色素瘤和肺癌。缺点是这种疗法伴随着严重的免疫介导的不良事件,这是释放免疫系统刹车的直接后果。与自身免疫调节因子(AIRE)转录因子缺乏的患者相比,副作用是可控的,并且考虑到其他致命的潜在疾病,当然是可以接受的。结合不同的检查点抑制抗体,包括新的免疫调节分子,可以进一步提高这种治疗形式的有效性,扩大易感肿瘤的范围。因此,通过检查点抑制进行免疫治疗的前景是光明的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Visions of the Hereafter: Releasing the Brakes of the Immune System by Checkpoint Inhibition Immunotherapy
Activation and control of the immune system is regulated by costimulatory molecules as well as by checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoints are essential in maintaining self-tolerance and minimizing collateral damage by modulating the immune response. Evasion of the immune system, one of the hallmarks of cancer, has been found to include interference with checkpoints by tumor cells as one of the evasive mechanisms. Tumor cells express molecules that when bound to their respective ligand or receptor, send out inhibitory signals that block T-cell activation. Specific antibodies have been engineered against these immunosuppresive molecules (mainly CTLA-4 and PD-1) such that the T-cells can exert cytotoxic anti-tumor effects. These antibody therapies have been found to be very effective for a number of malignancies, especially melanoma and lung cancer. The downside is that this therapy comes with serious adverse immune-mediated events, a direct consequence of releasing the brakes of the immune system. In comparison with patients with a deficiency in the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) transcription factor, the side effects however are manageable and certainly acceptable in light of the otherwise fatal underlying disease. Combination of different checkpoint inhibition antibodies, including novel immunoregulatory molecules may further enhance the effectiveness of this form of therapy and broaden the range of susceptible tumors. The vision of the hereafter for immunotherapy by checkpoint inhibition therefore looks bright.
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