无罪推定受到攻击

IF 0.4 Q2 Social Sciences
A. Gray
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引用次数: 6

摘要

本文记录了越来越多的无罪推定被立法废除的情况。立法机构正在通过越来越多地诉诸反向责任条款来应对对恐怖主义的恐惧和社会对法律和秩序问题的普遍焦虑。虽然承认立法机关有权制定促进公共安全的法律,但无罪推定是一项长期存在的基本正当程序权利。本条特别考虑了反向责任规定在被认为具有可比性的一系列司法管辖区内在宪法上有效的程度。它发现,所研究的一些司法管辖区所使用的方法,即根据是否实际上允许在对被告的罪行有合理怀疑的情况下判定被告有罪来检验反向责任规定的合宪性,有许多值得赞扬之处。然而,这只是部分解决办法,因为立法机关可能会被迫重新定义罪行,以便通过重新定义实质上是辩护要素的内容,有效地将举证责任推给被告。因此,它赞成采用实质性办法来确定检察官必须证明什么才能获得定罪,利用诸如道德上的罪责和事实/行为实质等概念。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Presumption of Innocence Under Attack
This Article documents the increasing range of instances in which the presumption of innocence has been abrogated by legislation. Legislatures are responding to fears around terrorism and general community anxiety about law and order issues by increasing resort to reverse onus provisions. While the right of the legislature to enact laws thought to further public safety is acknowledged, the presumption of innocence is a long-standing, fundamental due process right. This Article specifically considers the extent to which reverse onus provisions are constitutionally valid in a range of jurisdictions considered comparable. It finds that the approach in use in some jurisdictions studied, testing the constitutionality of reverse onus provisions on the basis of whether they practically permit an accused to be found guilty although there is reasonable doubt about their guilt, has much to commend it. However, this is part-solution only, since legislatures may then be driven to redefine crimes to seek to effectively cast the burden of proof onto an accused by redefining what is in substance an element of a defense. Thus, it favors a substantive approach to determining what the prosecutor must show to obtain a conviction, utilizing concepts such as moral blameworthiness and actus reus/mens rea .
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来源期刊
自引率
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期刊介绍: Focused on examinations of crime and punishment in domestic, transnational, and international contexts, New Criminal Law Review provides timely, innovative commentary and in-depth scholarly analyses on a wide range of criminal law topics. The journal encourages a variety of methodological and theoretical approaches and is a crucial resource for criminal law professionals in both academia and the criminal justice system. The journal publishes thematic forum sections and special issues, full-length peer-reviewed articles, book reviews, and occasional correspondence.
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