氰化物和腈

E. Kopras
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摘要

氰化物是所有工业化学品中毒性最大的一种,被大量生产并用于许多不同的用途。然而,它们很少造成严重事故或死亡。这在一定程度上是因为“氰化物”这个词是剧毒物质的同义词,因此在处理时一定程度上要小心。氰化物和腈是一组完全不同的物质,其特征是在其分子结构中存在氰化物(CN)基团。氰化物基团由一个碳和一个氮相连组成。在容易获得氰化物基团的情况下,毒性可能与氰化氢(HCN)相似。化合物的化学和物理特性将影响氰化物基团的潜在可用性,从而影响与不同化学种类相关的危害。为了毒理学家的目的,氰化物和腈可以根据它们的共同特性分类。第一类,无机氰化物,包括氰化氢、氰和简单的盐,如钠、钾、钙和氰化氢的氰化铵,它们容易解离释放CN - 1离子。第二类包括卤化化合物,如氯化氰或溴化物。第3组包括简单和复杂的盐,如三水合氰化钴、铜和亚氰化铜、氰化银、不容易解离释放CN - 1离子的氰化氢的铁氰化和亚铁氰化盐。第4类,有机氰化物,包括由植物产生的氰化物苷,如苦杏仁苷和亚麻苦素。第5族腈的一般结构为R-CNO,包括乙腈(甲基氰化物)、丙烯腈和异丁腈等化合物。关键词:博;氰化物;印度;methylisocyanate释放;腈
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Cyanides and Nitriles
Cyanides are among the most acutely toxic of all industrial chemicals and are produced in large quantities and used in many different applications. However, they cause few serious accidents or deaths. This is partly because the word cyanide is synonymous with a highly poisonous substance and a certain amount of care in handling is thereby ensured. The cyanides and nitriles are a disparate group of substances characterized by the presence of a cyanide (CN) group in their molecular structure. The cyanide group consists of a carbon bonded to a nitrogen. In those cases where the cyanide group is readily available, toxicity is likely to have similarity to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The chemical and physical characteristics of the compound will affect the potential availability of the cyanide group and therefore, the hazards associated with different chemical species. For purposes of the toxicologist, cyanides and nitriles can be classified into groups based on their common properties. Group 1, inorganic cyanides, includes hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, and simple salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium cyanide of hydrogen cyanide that dissociate readily to release CN−1 ions. Group 2 includes halogenated compounds such as cyanogen chloride or bromide. Group 3 comprises simple and complex salts such as cobalt cyanide trihydrate, cupric and cuprous cyanide, silver cyanide, and ferricyanide and ferrocyanide salts of hydrogen cyanide that do not dissociate readily to release CN−1 ions. Group 4, organic cyanides, includes cyanide glycosides produced by plants such as amygdalin and linamarin. Group 5, nitriles, have a general structure R-CNO, and include compounds such as acetonitrile (methyl cyanide), acrylonitrile, and isobutyronitrile. Keywords: Bhopal; cyanides; India; methylisocyanate release; nitriles
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