重大自然灾害后受害者心理行为状态突变机制研究

Xuan-hua Xu, Yushi Liu, Z. Zhang
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Many cases have shown that anxiety in disaster scenarios can urge the affected children to make some aggressive behaviors [3], these experiences of negative psychological behaviors will increase the difficulty of rescue and resettlement. If it is not alleviated in time and effectively, it will accumulate gradually, and easily turn into illegal behavior, or even evolve into group events [4] and reduce the stability and safety of society [5,6]. Behavior analysis of the disaster victims plays an important role in crisis management, disaster emergency response and implementation of evacuation plan [7], and is also one of the core scientific issues in emergency management of public emergencies [8]. 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Aiming at whether there is a correlation between natural disasters and suicide behavior, Kõlves et al. [11] has analyzed the existing empirical studies and found that different types of natural disasters have different effects on suicide rate, and suicide rate is mainly affected by economic conditions. Hu et al. [12] believed that people had panic behavior in evacuation and temporary resettlement after the disaster, and panic behavior was infectious, which made more affected groups panic. Helbing et al. [13] also simulated the irrational panic escape behavior of groups under the emergency. Panic psychology and irrational behavior are easy to lead to stampede events under emergency events, which are the important factors to increase the loss of life and property [14]. In addition, some studies have proved that people have prosocial behaviors and show resilience after disasters. Bonanno et al. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

随着全球气候变化问题的日益突出,各类自然灾害发生的频率越来越高,影响范围越来越广。据民政局统计,2014年全国各类自然灾害共造成灾害2435.33亿人次,死亡1583人,紧急搬迁6.017亿人次,直接经济损失337.38亿元。自然灾害不仅造成大量的人员伤亡和经济损失,还会给受灾群众造成不同程度的心理创伤,这些创伤可能在短期甚至长期内影响个人行为。许多案例表明,灾难场景中的焦虑会促使受灾儿童做出一些攻击行为,这些负面心理行为的经历会增加救援和安置的难度。如果得不到及时有效的缓解,就会逐渐积累,很容易演变为违法行为,甚至演变为群体性事件[4],降低社会的稳定与安全[5,6]。灾害受害者行为分析在危机管理、灾害应急响应和疏散计划实施等方面发挥着重要作用,也是突发公共事件应急管理的核心科学问题之一。因此,为了有效地进行救援,阻断个体事件的演化升级,科学地制定灾后救援策略,有必要深入分析自然灾害后受灾人群个体心理行为状态的突变机制。许多研究人员研究了受气候变化和自然灾害影响的人们的心理和行为。Doherty和Clayton分析了气候变化对人们心理的三种影响:直接心理影响(ASD或PTSD);间接心理影响(幸福感下降);社会心理影响(社会冲突)。Norris et al. b[10]对1981 - 2001年的160多项灾害实证研究进行了分析,发现自然灾害的发生会给人们带来一些短期、长期的心理问题,如特定的心理伤害、身心障碍等。针对自然灾害与自杀行为之间是否存在相关性,Kõlves等人b[11]对已有的实证研究进行了分析,发现不同类型的自然灾害对自杀率的影响是不同的,而自杀率主要受经济条件的影响。Hu等人[12]认为灾后人们在疏散和临时安置中存在恐慌行为,并且恐慌行为具有传染性,使更多的受影响群体产生恐慌。Helbing等[13]也模拟了突发事件下群体的非理性恐慌逃离行为。在突发事件中,恐慌心理和非理性行为容易导致踩踏事件的发生,是增加生命财产损失的重要因素。此外,一些研究已经证明,人们有亲社会行为,并在灾难后表现出适应力。Bonanno et al.[15]通过问卷调查和多变量分析发现,心理弹性主要与受影响人群的收入、社会支持等因素有关。van der Linden [16], Akerlof et al.[17]等研究者也采用实证方法探讨了自然灾害后风险感知与社会结构、经济等控制因素的相关性。这些研究为探讨受害者心理和行为状态的突变机制奠定了理论和实证基础。我想我可以把它放进去
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Study on Mutation Mechanism of Victim’s Psychological Behavior State after Major Natural Disasters
With the increasingly prominent problem of global climate change, the frequency of all kinds of natural disasters is increasing, and the scope of impact is becoming wider and wider. According to the statistics of the civil affairs bureau, all kinds of natural disasters in China have caused 243,533 million disasters, 1583 deaths, 6017 million emergency relocation in 2014, and the direct economic losses have reached 337,38 billion yuan [1]. Natural disasters not only cause a large number of casualties and economic losses, but also cause varying degrees of psychological trauma to the affected people, which may affect individual behavior in the short-term or even in the long-term [2]. Many cases have shown that anxiety in disaster scenarios can urge the affected children to make some aggressive behaviors [3], these experiences of negative psychological behaviors will increase the difficulty of rescue and resettlement. If it is not alleviated in time and effectively, it will accumulate gradually, and easily turn into illegal behavior, or even evolve into group events [4] and reduce the stability and safety of society [5,6]. Behavior analysis of the disaster victims plays an important role in crisis management, disaster emergency response and implementation of evacuation plan [7], and is also one of the core scientific issues in emergency management of public emergencies [8]. Therefore, in order to rescue effectively and block the evolution and upgrading of individual events, and scientifically formulate rescue strategies after the disaster, it is necessary to deeply analyze the mutation mechanism of individual psychological behavior state of the affected people after natural disasters. Many researchers have studied the psychology and behavior of the people affected by climate change and natural disasters. Doherty and Clayton [9] analyzed three effects of climate change on people’s psychology: direct psychological impact (ASD or PTSD); indirect psychological impact (decreased wellbeing); social psychological impact (social conflict). Norris et al. [10] analyzed more than 160 empirical studies on disasters from 1981 to 2001 and found that the occurrence of nature disasters would bring people some shortor long-term psychological problems, such as specific psychological injury, mental and physical disorders. Aiming at whether there is a correlation between natural disasters and suicide behavior, Kõlves et al. [11] has analyzed the existing empirical studies and found that different types of natural disasters have different effects on suicide rate, and suicide rate is mainly affected by economic conditions. Hu et al. [12] believed that people had panic behavior in evacuation and temporary resettlement after the disaster, and panic behavior was infectious, which made more affected groups panic. Helbing et al. [13] also simulated the irrational panic escape behavior of groups under the emergency. Panic psychology and irrational behavior are easy to lead to stampede events under emergency events, which are the important factors to increase the loss of life and property [14]. In addition, some studies have proved that people have prosocial behaviors and show resilience after disasters. Bonanno et al. [15] found that resilience is mainly related to income, social support and other factors of the affected people by questionnaire survey and multivariate analysis. van der Linden [16], Akerlof et al. [17] and other researchers also used empirical methods to explore the correlation between risk perception and social structure, economy and other control factors after natural disasters. These studies lay a theoretical and empirical foundation for exploring the mutation mechanism of the psychological and behavioral state of the victims. A RT I C L E I N F O
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